TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rethorst, Chad D
AU  - Githinji, Phrashiah
AU  - Seguin-Fowler, Rebecca A
AU  - MacMillan Uribe, Alexandra L
AU  - Szeszulski, Jacob
AU  - Liao, Yue
PY  - 2023
DA  - 2023/3/22
TI  - Real-time Assessment of the Bidirectional Relationship Between Affective States and Glucose: Protocol for a 14-Day Observational Study
JO  - JMIR Res Protoc
SP  - e45104
VL  - 12
KW  - affect
KW  - glucose
KW  - eating behavior
KW  - glucose variability
KW  - glucose excursion
KW  - ecological momentary assessment
KW  - continuous glucose monitoring
KW  - continuous glucose monitor
AB  - Background: Glucose variability increases cardiometabolic disease risk. While many factors can influence glucose levels, postprandial glucose response is the primary driver of glucose variability. Furthermore, affect may directly and indirectly impact glucose variability through its effect on eating behavior. Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) facilitate the real-time evaluation of blood glucose, and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) can be used to assess affect in real time. Together, data collected from these sources provide the opportunity to further understand the role of affect in glucose levels. Objective: This paper presents the protocol for a study that aims to (1) evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using CGMs along with EMA in nondiabetic populations and (2) examine the bidirectional relationship between affect and glucose in nondiabetic adults with overweight or obesity using a CGM and EMA. Methods: Eligibility criteria for the study include participants (1) aged 18 to 65 years old, (2) with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2, (3) who are able to read and write in English, and (4) who own a smartphone. Individuals will be excluded if they (1) have type 1 or 2 diabetes or have any other condition that requires glucose monitoring, (2) are pregnant, (3) use any medications that have the potential to alter blood glucose levels or interfere with the glucose sensing process, or (4) have a diagnosed gastrointestinal condition or eating disorder. In a 14-day observational study, participants will wear a FreeStyle Libre Pro CGM sensor (Abbott) and will receive mobile phone–based EMA prompts 6 times per day (randomly within six 2-hour windows between 8 AM and 8 PM) to assess positive and negative affect. Participants will also wear a Fitbit Inspire 2 (Fitbit) to continuously monitor physical activity and sleep, which will be included as covariates in the analysis. Multilevel linear regression models will be used to evaluate the acute relationship between glucose level and affect. Results: Recruitment started in October 2022 and is expected to be completed in March 2023. We will aim to recruit 100 participants. As of December 12, 2022, a total of 39 participants have been enrolled. Conclusions: The results of this study will further elucidate the role of affect in glucose variability. By identifying affective states that may lead to glucose excursions, our findings could inform just-in-time behavioral interventions by indicating opportunities for intervention delivery. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/45104 
SN  - 1929-0748
UR  - https://www.researchprotocols.org/2023/1/e45104
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/45104
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36947140
DO  - 10.2196/45104
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/45104
ER  -