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Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/50860, first published .
A Mindfulness-Based Resiliency Program for Caregivers of Patients With Severe Acute Brain Injury Transitioning Out of Critical Care: Protocol for an Open Pilot Trial

A Mindfulness-Based Resiliency Program for Caregivers of Patients With Severe Acute Brain Injury Transitioning Out of Critical Care: Protocol for an Open Pilot Trial

A Mindfulness-Based Resiliency Program for Caregivers of Patients With Severe Acute Brain Injury Transitioning Out of Critical Care: Protocol for an Open Pilot Trial

Authors of this article:

Alexander Mattia Presciutti1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Emily Woodworth1 Author Orcid Image ;   Elizabeth Rochon1 Author Orcid Image ;   Molly Neale3 Author Orcid Image ;   Melissa Motta4 Author Orcid Image ;   Joseph Piazza4 Author Orcid Image ;   Ana-Maria Vranceanu1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   David Yi-Gin Hwang3 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (1) Tweetations (2) Metrics

    Protocol

    1Department of Psychiatry, Center for Health Outcomes and Interdisciplinary Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

    2Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

    3Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

    4Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States

    *these authors contributed equally

    Corresponding Author:

    David Yi-Gin Hwang, MD

    Department of Neurology

    Division of Neurocritical Care

    University of North Carolina School of Medicine

    170 Manning Drive, CB# 7025

    Chapel Hill, NC, 27599

    United States

    Phone: 1 9199668178

    Fax:1 9198434999

    Email: david_hwang@med.unc.edu


    Background: Caregivers of patients with severe acute brain injuries (SABI) that lead to coma and require intensive care unit (ICU) treatment often experience chronic emotional distress. To address this need, we developed the Coma Family (COMA-F) program, a mindfulness-based resiliency intervention for these caregivers.

    Objective: We will conduct an open pilot trial of COMA-F (National Institutes of Health Stage IA). Here we describe our study protocol and proposed intervention content.

    Methods: We will enroll 15 caregivers of patients with SABIs during their loved one’s hospital course from 3 enrollment centers. A clinical psychologist will deliver the COMA-F intervention (6 sessions) over Zoom (Zoom Video Communications, Inc) or in person. We will iterate COMA-F after each caregiver completes the intervention and an exit interview. English-speaking adults who have emotional distress confirmed by the clinical team and are the primary caregivers of a patient with SABI are eligible. The adult patient must have been admitted to the neuro-ICU for SABI and (1) have had a Glasgow Coma Scale score below 9 while not intubated or an inability to follow meaningful commands while intubated at any point during their hospitalization for >24 hours due to SABI; (2) will be undergoing either tracheostomy or percutaneous endoscopic or surgical gastrostomy tube placement or have already received one or both; and (3) have a prognosis of survival >3 months. We will identify eligible caregivers through screening patients’ medical records and through direct referrals from clinicians in the neuro-ICU. During the intervention we will teach caregivers mind-body and resilience skills, including deep breathing, mindfulness, meditation, dialectical thinking, acceptance, cognitive restructuring, effective communication, behavioral activation, and meaning-making. Caregivers will complete self-report assessments (measures of emotional distress and resilience) before and after the intervention. Primary outcomes are feasibility (recruitment, quantitative measures, adherence, and therapist fidelity) and acceptability (treatment satisfaction, credibility, and expectancy). We will conduct brief qualitative exit interviews to gather feedback on refining the program and study procedures. We will examine frequencies and proportions to determine feasibility and acceptability and will analyze qualitative exit interview data using thematic analysis. We will also conduct 2-tailed t tests to explore signals of improvement in emotional distress and treatment targets. We will then conduct an explanatory-sequential mixed methods analysis to integrate quantitative and qualitative data to refine the COMA-F manual and study procedures.

    Results: This study has been approved by the institutional review board at 1 of the 3 enrollment centers (2023P000536), with approvals at the other 2 centers pending. We anticipate that the study will be completed by late 2024.

    Conclusions: We will use our findings to refine the COMA-F intervention and prepare for a feasibility randomized controlled trial.

    Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05761925; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05761925

    International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/50860

    JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e50860

    doi:10.2196/50860

    Keywords

    severe acute brain injury; coma; caregiver; resilience; mindfulness; brain injury; emotional distress; decision-making; emotional support; intervention; support; self-report assessment; mental health 


    Background

    Severe acute brain injuries (SABI) such as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy are sudden catastrophic events for both patients and their families [1]. The majority of patients with SABI cared for in an intensive care unit (ICU) are incapacitated, and many are comatose [2]. Caregivers of patients with SABI who survive their ICU admission nevertheless experience high rates of emotional distress, which, if untreated, becomes chronic [1,3]. These caregivers grapple with the uncertainty of their loved one’s long-term prognosis, the stress of making decisions on their loved one’s behalf, grief over their loved one’s loss of neurological function, and the stress of managing their own life outside of the ICU [1,3,4]. While the stay in an ICU itself can be quite lengthy, ultimate recovery from SABI can be prolonged and uncertain, and caregivers often endure these stressors beyond the acute hospitalization [5,6].

    Caregivers of hospitalized patients with SABI have unmet needs for emotional support. Prior work shows that they feel overwhelmed, underprepared for caregiving, unable to manage basic self-care, isolated, and lonely, and that they deal with ambiguous loss [5-8]. Despite these needs, a recent systematic review found that among 22 interventions for caregivers to general ICU patients, none led to long-term improvements in emotional distress, and many actually increased caregiver burden [9]. Further, there are few interventions specific to the needs of SABI caregivers. Those that do exist focus mainly on crisis management and decision-making during the initial 48 hours of admission [3,10,11] rather than addressing prolonged uncertainty, grief, and stress. Taken together, there is a critical need for effective interventions for caregivers of surviving patients with SABI that extend into the period following the ICU stay.

    Our team has followed the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stage Model for behavioral intervention development [12] to develop the Coma Family Program (COMA-F), a mindfulness-based resiliency program for caregivers of patients with SABI transitioning out of the ICU (Figure 1). We developed preliminary COMA-F content based on adaptations of our intervention for patients and caregivers hospitalized in the neuro-ICU (Recovering Together) [13] and from qualitative interviews of caregivers of surviving patients with SABI. For the latter, we conducted longitudinal qualitative interviews with 30 caregivers across 14 ICUs in the United States to better understand their stressors, coping methods, and treatment preferences [14,15]. Nearly all caregivers discussed using avoidance or distraction as initial coping strategies [14]. They also expressed a desire to learn adaptive coping skills, learn communication skills for interacting with the patient’s care team and other family members, and for support with making difficult decisions (Hwang et al, “Psychosocial support needs and preferences among family caregivers of ICU patients with severe acute brain injury: a qualitative thematic analysis,” manuscript under review). We have used this feedback and adapted content from Recovering Together to develop the first version of the COMA-F intervention. We plan to deliver COMA-F through a single-arm open pilot trial outlined in this paper (N=15 caregivers). We will use the findings from the open pilot to iteratively refine COMA-F. We will then conduct a feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT) of COMA-F versus minimally enhanced usual control (MEUC).

    ‎
    Figure 1. Iterative stages of the development of a mind-body resiliency program for caregivers of patients with severe acute brain injury (the COMA-F program). The open pilot trial described in this protocol is outlined in bold. The subsequent feasibility RCT and efficacy RCT are outlined by dashed lines. COMA-F: Coma Family program; MEUC: minimally enhanced usual control; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SABI: severe acute brain injury.

    Objectives

    Here we describe our procedure and delivery of the COMA-F open pilot trial. We will explore the preliminary feasibility and acceptability of COMA-F. Further, through exit interviews at the end of the intervention, we expect to elicit feedback on program procedures (hybrid in-person and Zoom format), treatment manuals, support from study staff, and expectations of the program. We will use this feedback to inform each iteration of COMA-F. After completion of the open pilot trial, we will then proceed to test the feasibility of the refined COMA-F program versus the MEUC.


    Study Design and Setting

    We will deliver our open pilot of COMA-F for caregivers of comatose patients with SABIs enrolled from 3 academic medical centers in the United States. If we encounter recruitment challenges, we will also plan to enroll from collaborators’ institutions in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. We present our study design and procedure in Figure 2.

    ‎
    Figure 2. Open pilot trial design and procedure for the development of a mind-body resiliency program for caregivers of patients with severe acute brain injury (the COMA-F program). COMA-F: Coma Family; REDCap: Research Electronic Data Capture.

    Ethics Approval

    This study has been approved by the institutional review board at 1 of the 3 enrollment centers (Mass General Brigham Institutional Review Board, 2023P000536), with approvals at the other 2 centers pending. We will conduct informed consent with all caregivers enrolled in the study. We will deidentify all data and provide subject ID numbers to participants. We will compensate participants US $20 via check for completing baseline assessments and US $40 via check for postintervention assessments, for a total of US $60 per participant.

    Recruitment and Screening

    Overview

    We present our study inclusion criteria in Textbox 1. We will recruit caregiver subjects through 2 concurrent mechanisms.

    Textbox 1. Open pilot trial inclusion criteria for the development of a mind-body resiliency program for caregivers of patients with severe acute brain injury (the Coma Family program).
    • Age 18 years or older
    • English-speaking
    • Screens for emotional distress on either depression or anxiety subscales (>7) of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
    • Confirmed by the primary clinical team as the primary caregiver for a patient who has the following characteristics:
      • Age 18 years or older
      • Admission to the intensive care unit with a severe acute brain injury for one of the following: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
      • Glasgow Coma Scale score below 9 (in the judgment of the medical team) while not intubated or an inability to follow meaningful commands while intubated at any point during their hospitalization course for more than 24 consecutive hours due to the brain injury itself and not a confounding factor (ie, sedation and seizures)
      • Still alive in the intensive care unit at the time that the clinical team approaches the primary caregiver about possible recruitment
      • Either will be undergoing tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic or surgical gastrostomy tube placement or has already received one or both
      • Has a prognosis for survival of greater than 3 months and does not have a concurrent diagnosis of a terminal illness or injury, as judged by the clinical team
    Referrals From the Clinical Team

    ICU medical and nursing team members who are caring for patients with SABIs will identify eligible caregivers and notify the study team, as they currently do in 1 of our enrollment centers for our ongoing Recovering Together trial of patients and caregivers in the neuro-ICU [13]. Notably, COMA-F will capture caregivers of patients with SABI as described in Textbox 1, whereas Recovering Together exclusively focuses on dyads of caregivers and patients who are cognitively intact.

    Study Staff Screening

    We will conduct daily prescreening of electronic health record admission reports to identify patients that meet the SABI criteria discussed below. Study staff will then inquire with the clinical team if the identified patients have a caregiver that meets inclusion criteria.

    Enrollment

    Once a potential caregiver has been identified and approved by the clinical team, a member of the study team will approach the caregiver in person or call them via phone no later than 7 days after the patient’s transfer to a lower level of care.

    Caregivers who wish to participate will complete consent. During the consent process we also inform caregivers that we will collect patient data from the medical record (eg, demographics, diagnosis, and procedures). Prior to the intervention, caregivers will complete self-report baseline assessments through Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) either in person on a tablet, or they will be emailed a link to the REDCap survey. We plan to enroll 15 caregivers.

    COMA-F Intervention Content

    The intervention will have 6 sessions and be presented as a hybrid program. Caregivers will have the option for any number of initial sessions to be delivered in person within the hospital (until the patient is discharged). If the patient is discharged at any point in the intervention, the remaining sessions will be delivered via live video using Zoom. We will also give caregivers the option of completing the intervention completely over Zoom. Zoom is a free and secure internet-based videoconferencing software program that is currently used to provide care for patients at each of the recruiting centers.

    Sessions focus on developing mindfulness-based resiliency skills to cope with and manage caregiver-related stressors. The sessions were developed based on caregiver feedback in our qualitative interviews [14,15] and from adapted Recovering Together content [13]. Caregivers will choose 6 modules from a selection of 7 modules. The 7 modules are presented in Table 1.

    Table 1. Session outline for the COMA-Fa program. The program will be delivered to caregivers of patients with severe acute brain injuries. The program will take place over 6 weeks.
    SessionCOMA-F topicCOMA-F skills and session content
    1Coping with the here and nowDeep breathing, mindfulness, 24-hour block, and mindfulness meditation
    2Coping with uncertaintyDialectics, hands as worries, and support with difficult decisions
    3Adjusting to new rolesIdentify the distress spiral and challenge unhelpful thoughts
    4Engaging social supportEffective communication with other family members and friends and care team
    5Engaging with positive activitiesBehavioral activation, using social support, and setting daily goals
    6Managing fear and worryObserving fear and worry and acceptance and change
    7Making meaning from our experiencesMaking meaning: finding purpose and meaning in new caregiving role

    aCOMA-F: Coma Family.

    Feasibility and Acceptability Outcomes

    The feasibility and acceptability markers are presented in Table 2.

    Table 2. Feasibility and acceptability outcomes for our open pilot trial of a mind-body resiliency program for caregivers of patients with severe acute brain injuries. Outcomes will be assessed at the end of the program.
    OutcomeDefinition
    Feasibility (>70% acceptable; >80% excellent)

    		RecruitmentPercentage of eligible caregivers who participate

    		AssessmentsPercentage of enrolled caregivers with no measures missing

    		AdherencePercentage of caregivers that complete 4 of 6 sessions

    		Therapist fidelityAfter randomly selecting 20% of sessions, percentage of sessions with 100% of content delivered
    Acceptability (>70% acceptable; >80% excellent)

    		Treatment satisfactionPercentage of caregivers who score above the midpoint on the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-3 [16]

    		Credibility and expectancyPercentage of caregivers who score above the midpoint on Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire [17]

    		Adverse eventsMild adverse events reported in <10% of caregivers; no adverse events linked to program participation

    Assessments

    We selected quantitative measures based on those collected in Recovering Together and from our qualitative interviews during COMA-F development (Textbox 2). We will administer the same measures at baseline and after the intervention.

    Textbox 2. Quantitative measures administer at baseline and after the intervention.

    Emotional distress

    Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—measures anxiety and depression symptoms [18]; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–5—measures posttraumatic stress symptoms [19].

    Resiliency factors

    Measure of Current Status Part A—measures adaptive coping abilities [20]; Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale Revised—measures inclination toward acting mindfully [21]; Toronto Mindfulness Scale–Trait—measures trait mindfulness [22]; ENRICHD Social Support Instrument—measures perceived availability of social support [23].

    Functional status of patient

    Barthel Index—measures functional independence in activities of daily living [24]; Modified Rankin Scale—measures level of disability in patients after a SABI [25].

    Exit Interview Procedures

    Caregivers will complete the postintervention measures listed above immediately after the end of session 6. We will then conduct a brief 5-10 minute exit interview. We will ask caregivers to provide feedback on the program procedures, hybrid in-person and Zoom format, treatment manuals, support from study staff, and expectations of the program. We will also ask caregivers to discuss their responses on the pre- and postintervention assessments.

    Data Analysis

    For quantitative data, we will calculate frequencies and proportions of the feasibility and acceptability outcomes. We will also conduct exploratory analyses to examine differences in emotional distress outcomes and feasibility or acceptability outcomes by the sex of the caregiver. For qualitative data, we will examine exit interviews using thematic analysis following the Framework Method [26]. We will then conduct mixed methods analysis using an explanatory-sequential design which will allow us to integrate quantitative and qualitative data to refine the COMA-F manual and study procedures. Specifically, we will use the exit interviews to explain the quantitative findings and to elicit feedback on the program.


    We have received funding by the Neurocritical Care Society to begin recruiting in January 2024. Based on our recruitment data from our qualitative interviews [14,15] we expect to enroll 15 caregivers by November 2024. Following this timeline, our last enrolled caregiver would complete the program in December 2024.


    Scientific Contribution

    Chronic emotional distress is common in caregivers of comatose patients with SABIs, which in turn undermines their caregiving ability and the patient’s own health and recovery [27,28]. As novel neurocritical care interventions seek to pursue exciting and more aggressive measures to “cure coma,” [29-31] caregivers of more patients may potentially endure lengthy periods of uncertainty and distress. As such, the COMA-F program is timely, aiming to prevent the development of chronic distress in these caregivers by teaching them mindfulness-based resiliency skills. These skills will help caregivers manage the severity of their distress.

    This protocol provides the framework of our open pilot trial of COMA-F. The intervention is novel and flexible, offering hybrid delivery methods to bypass geographical barriers to participation. Following the NIH Stage Model for behavioral intervention development [12], we will use the open pilot results to refine the program and inform a future feasibility RCT of COMA-F versus MEUC.

    Limitations

    Our pilot trial has limitations that we hope to address in future iterations and adaptations of COMA-F. First, our recruitment will be restricted to the demographic distribution of our 3 enrolling centers. In our future feasibility RCT we will focus specifically on recruiting a representative racial and ethnic sample of the United States. Second, we are targeting caregivers caring for patients who are undergoing prolonged life-supporting therapy as opposed to transitioning patients to comfort care only. In future trials, we do plan to adapt COMA-F to be offered to caregivers potentially transitioning their loved ones to comfort measures.

    Conclusions

    We will use the results from this open pilot trial to inform the development of a mind-body resiliency program for caregivers of patients with SABIs. Our study will provide quantitative and qualitative data that we will use to refine the current iteration of the program. We will then test the refined intervention in a feasibility RCT.

    Data Availability

    Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no data sets were generated or analyzed during this study.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

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    ‎
    COMA-F: Coma Family
    ICU: intensive care unit
    MEUC: minimally enhanced usual control
    NIH: National Institutes of Health
    RCT: randomized controlled trial
    REDCap: Research Electronic Data Capture
    SABI: severe acute brain injury

    Edited by A Mavragani; submitted 17.07.23; peer-reviewed by S Li; comments to author 20.09.23; accepted 27.09.23; published 25.10.23.

    Copyright

    ©Alexander Mattia Presciutti, Emily Woodworth, Elizabeth Rochon, Molly Neale, Melissa Motta, Joseph Piazza, Ana-Maria Vranceanu, David Yi-Gin Hwang. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 25.10.2023.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.