JMIR Research Protocols

is a waterborne and zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease that disproportionately affects young children and immunocompromised individuals in low- and middle-income settings. In Southeast Asia, ecological diversity, agricultural intensification, and uneven sanitation infrastructure create overlapping transmission pathways across human, animal, and environmental domains. Despite a growing body of regional literature, the structure of the evidence base and its utility for surveillance and control have not been comprehensively evaluated using an integrated One Health lens.

Dehydration—specifically hyperosmolar dehydration (HD)—in adults is a common clinical condition affecting an estimated 25%‐58% of adults admitted to the hospital, depending on the method used to assess HD and the patient group. HD is defined as low total body water and increased serum osmolality over 300 mOsm/kg. Hypernatremia, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio, and calculated serum osmolarity are often used as proxy markers. The condition is associated with an increased risk of a range of complications, including increased morbidity and mortality. Despite the high prevalence, current treatment guidelines often fail to distinguish HD from hypovolemia. As a result, HD is often treated like hypovolemia with fluids containing isotonic saline rather than hypotonic fluids.

The public transportation system is a high-risk medium for respiratory infectious disease (RID) transmission. Health awareness videos are integral to disseminating knowledge, elevating health-risk perceptions, and enhancing attitudes toward precautionary measures against RID, as per the Health Belief Model and Cognitive Dissonance theory.

Language barriers in mental health care can hinder diagnostic accuracy, communication quality, and therapeutic rapport. Multilingual mental health care providers (MHCPs) or qualified interpreters are not always available, prompting interest in mobile translation apps as alternative tools. The usability of such tools in mental health consultations remains underexplored.

Workplace violence against health care professionals has increased worldwide, leading to negative psychological, professional, and organizational outcomes. Despite existing prevention and reporting programs, underreporting and lack of accessible, confidential support persist. Digital health tools, including chatbots, may offer scalable support, guidance, and follow-up for affected professionals.

More than 950,000 adults over 65 years of age are hospitalized each year after injury. Recommended care for this vulnerable group includes discussion of their goals for life-sustaining care (“code status”) upon admission, but most older patients do not participate in adequate code status discussions. Randomized trials have demonstrated that video-based interventions are associated with better patient knowledge and improved alignment of patient preferences for life-sustaining treatment; however, there are limited data on the effectiveness of these interventions in acutely injured patients.

Agni (digestive or metabolic factors) is a fundamental concept in Ayurveda that governs digestion, metabolism, and absorption. The strength of Agni varies from individual to individual, depending on various factors. Given its clinical importance, several researchers have developed screening tools to estimate Agni strength. Identifying valid and reliable Agni assessment tools will enhance diagnostic precision. In research, standardized and validated instruments facilitate reproducible studies, enabling meaningful comparisons across populations and settings.

Chronic pain affects over 30% of the global population and remains a major public health issue due to limited treatment efficacy and the need for mechanism-based, personalized approaches. Motor behavior is theorized to play a role in pain persistence through altered movement patterns, muscle recruitment, and proprioception. While motor behavior is linked to chronic pain, empirical evidence on underlying mechanisms, particularly cortical dynamics, remains scarce.

Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an immunological complication affecting up to 10% of borderline lepromatous and 50% of lepromatous leprosy cases with a high bacterial index (3‐6+). Current treatments often require prolonged therapy over years and cause significant long-term side effects, highlighting the need for new therapies. Therefore, it is imperative to identify new therapies for ENL. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors are a class of compounds that mediate immune homeostasis and have the potential to treat ENL with fewer side effects. Dovramilast (formerly CC-11050) is an anti-inflammatory phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; to date, it has been shown to be well tolerated in phase 1 human studies. This is the first phase 2 study of dovramilast in ENL.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by severe inflammatory lung injury leading to life-threatening hypoxemia. Standard treatment includes lung-protective mechanical ventilation and adjunctive measures, while veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO) is used as a rescue therapy in refractory cases. However, the optimal timing for initiation of vvECMO remains uncertain, with official recommendations identifying it as a rescue therapy, while emerging evidence suggests that earlier implementation of vvECMO during the disease course might provide benefits.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, with substantial mortality despite the availability of standardized treatment regimens. Accurate prognostication remains difficult, as no host-derived biomarker is routinely used to predict TB outcomes. C-reactive protein (CRP), a widely available acute-phase reactant, has been proposed as a potential prognostic biomarker, but its prognostic value for mortality in TB has not been systematically synthesized.

Postoperative pain after musculoskeletal surgery impedes early rehabilitation and reduces quality of life. Electroacupuncture is used as an adjunct for analgesia, but the optimal stimulation frequency and short-term response trajectory have not been established.