JMIR Research Protocols

Rapid urbanization in India is straining the government’s capacity to provide basic amenities such as housing, sanitation, electricity, and water. One group of people who are deeply affected are adolescent girls who menstruate. In urban slums, referred to as bastis in Telugu and Hindi, this reality is worsened by spatial congestion and limited water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) resources. This study is situated in the populous slum colonies of Film Nagar, Hyderabad, where residents navigate precarious living conditions and a scarcity of basic amenities.

Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder associated with adverse physical, psychological, and functional outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to sleep disturbances. Women are more likely to have lower serum vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) levels than men, and they also report a higher prevalence of insomnia. Although several studies have proposed that vitamin D supplementation may improve insomnia symptoms, findings remain inconsistent, and evidence from Southeast Asian populations is limited.

Obesity affects approximately 880 million adults worldwide and carries substantial health, economic, and social consequences. Although bariatric surgery achieves sustained weight loss and metabolic improvement, existing systematic reviews largely predate 2020 and rarely integrate clinical, economic, and system-level perspectives within a single synthesis.

Mental health care professionals working in high-demand clinical environments are frequently exposed to patient suffering and trauma, placing them at increased risk for burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Compassion-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CF-CBT) has shown promise in reducing psychological distress and enhancing self-compassion; however, traditional delivery methods may be limited by time, accessibility, and resource constraints. Virtual reality (VR) may provide an immersive and accessible approach for delivering compassion-focused interventions.

In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) remains a frequent and devastating event, and conventional early warning scores (EWSs) coupled with rapid response systems (RRSs) have shown inconsistent effects on patient-centered outcomes, largely owing to limited predictive accuracy and high false-alarm burden. AI-based EWSs (AI-EWSs) have demonstrated superior discrimination retrospectively, but high-quality prospective evidence in true external validation environments remains scarce. Existing AI-EWS trials have either been confined to internal-development settings or bundled the algorithm with specific implementation infrastructure, leaving the stand-alone effect of AI-based software as a medical device (AI-SaMD) on patient outcomes uncharacterized.

Mental health disorders are a leading cause of disability among adolescents and young people in Kenya, yet access to appropriate and timely support remains severely limited due to shortages of trained professionals, stigma, financial barriers, and geographical inequities. Digital mental health interventions, particularly those leveraging AI, present a promising opportunity to expand access to culturally relevant, low-stigma mental wellness support in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings. However, evidence on the feasibility, usability, and acceptability of AI-powered mental health tools for young people in sub-Saharan Africa remains limited.

The early life course, that is, from preconception up until the first 1000 days of life, is pivotal for optimizing parental and child health. In deprived settings, unfavorable lifestyle behaviors and poor mental health are more prevalent, while access to effective, context-sensitive support is limited. Digital interventions combined with community-based approaches may help address these disparities.

Nearly 83 million Americans experience mental illness, but fewer than 50% accessed past-year mental health services. Disseminable, potent mental health interventions are critically needed. Standalone digital interventions offer promise for improving clinical outcomes, but the efficacy of these interventions to date is modest, likely due in part to insufficient personalization to patient heterogeneity, varying context, and the stochastic nature of mental health symptoms.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants, with the highest burden in the first 6 months of life. Maternal immunization with the bivalent (RSV-A and RSV-B) prefusion F (RSVPreF) protein subunit vaccine (ABRYSVO) is a recently recommended strategy for preventing RSV-related outcomes in infants. First licensed for use in pregnancy in 2023, the RSVPreF vaccine demonstrated efficacy in a single pivotal randomized trial (Maternal Immunization Study for Safety and Efficacy; MATISSE); postlicensure real-world evidence on vaccine effectiveness across settings, seasons, and subgroups and on antibody durability and transplacental transfer remains limited and has not been synthesized in a continuously updated framework, motivating this review.

Prediabetes represents a critical intervention window to reduce progression to type 2 diabetes. The current standard of care for treatment of prediabetes is weight loss and lifestyle modification, which are both highly effective, although limited by real-world adherence. It is well recognized that continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves glycemic and behavioral outcomes in people with diabetes, although outcomes among people with prediabetes are not well described.

Young adult survivors of pediatric brain tumors and young adult patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas are at risk for cognitive impairment, reduced physical fitness and function, as well as poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and psychosocial health. Exercise improves these outcomes; however, both populations remain understudied with respect to exercise interventions. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a promising intervention, as it is time-efficient, safe, tolerable, enhances cognition in healthy young adults, and improves physical fitness and quality of life in adult patients and survivors with cancer. However, the feasibility of HIIT is not yet understood in survivors of pediatric brain tumors and patients with IDH-mutant glioma.

Clinical reasoning skills are key competencies required by health care professionals. Generative AI (GenAI)–enabled teaching may be able to offer personalized learning; however, its effectiveness compared with traditional teaching methods for developing clinical reasoning capabilities remains underexplored.