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Young gay, bisexual, and other young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are the population most affected by HIV in the United States. Among all HIV infections diagnosed in 2021, 67% were found in MSM [1].
JMIR Res Protoc 2025;14:e64186
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Given that YMSM are susceptible to HIV infection [5,6], studies have shown that HIV infection rates among YMSM are higher than those in older populations [5,6,7,8]. YMSM under 25 years of age represent a demographic with increasing numbers of new HIV infections even as HIV incidence is declining globally [9]. Although there were some data on HIV prevalence among YMSM [9,10], the epidemic remains poorly defined among in this population [11], particularly the data of incidence is scarcely reported.
JMIR Public Health Surveill 2025;11:e66487
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These findings partially explicate this historical disparity in which African American YMSM have been reported to be 5 times more likely to be HIV positive, 7 times more likely to have an undiagnosed HIV infection, and 45% more likely to be diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) than other YMSM [7]. Among African American YMSM, the rates of those living with HIV are estimated at 52% for those aged 13 to 24 years [8].
JMIR Res Protoc 2022;11(9):e36718
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Previous studies have found that engagement with survival sex work among YMSM, YTW, and GNC of color is also associated with structural factors, including financial insecurity and socioeconomic disconnection [28-30].
JMIR Res Protoc 2020;9(9):e18051
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Youth assigned male at birth who have male sexual partners, including young cisgender men who have sex with men (YMSM), young transgender women (YTW), and gender nonconforming (GNC) youth, face substantial economic and health disparities. In particular, HIV risk and infection among YMSM, YTW, and GNC youth remains a significant public health problem. In the United States, YMSM, YTW, and GNC youth experience high rates of HIV infection [1,2].
JMIR Res Protoc 2020;9(8):e16401
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HIV among YTW, YMSM, and GNC youth is further complicated by high rates of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), low rates of HIV testing [4,5], high rates of HIV risk behaviors, and poor outcomes at each step of the HIV continuum of care [6-8]. However, for YMSM, YTW, and GNC youth of color, these outcomes are influenced by important social contextual factors, including social isolation, economic marginalization, and unmet HIV-prevention needs [3,9-15].
JMIR Res Protoc 2020;9(8):e16384
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This disparity in HIV prevalence between black and white MSM increased from 2008 to 2014, especially among YMSM [3]. Young Hispanic or Latino MSM had a 20% increase in numbers of diagnoses of HIV infection from 2010-2014 [2].
HIV also disproportionately impacts YMSM across the HIV care continuum, with disparities in linkage, retention, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, and viral suppression [4,5].
JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018;4(2):e34
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