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Hypospadias is a common congenital malformation characterized by the displacement of the urethral meatus on the ventral side of the penis, incomplete ventral prepuce development, and penile curvature known as chordee [1-3]. Hypospadias represents the most prevalent form of penile deformity, with data indicating its occurrence in 1 out of every 125-300 male births [4-6]. The severity of this anomaly varies, with meatus locations ranging from the glans to the scrotum [3].
JMIR Res Protoc 2025;14:e70075
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Chordee, a downward curvature of the penis, is commonly associated with hypospadias and results from tissue growth disturbances [5].
The proteins fibulin-1, elastin, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (b FGF or FGF-2), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) play roles in hypospadias development [4,6,7]. Fibulin-1 is related to extracellular matrix integrity, while elastin contributes to tissue extensibility.
JMIR Res Protoc 2024;13:e52282
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