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A review published by Zhang et al [7] in 2022 postulates that in human adipocyte cells, estrogen increases the expression of certain enzymes that inhibit lipogenesis. A different study from 2022 showed a similar relationship between testosterone and lipid metabolism, stating that low testosterone leads to major changes across various metabolic functions [8]. Despite these findings, the extent of the association between testosterone and estrogen on lipid metabolism remains largely unknown.
JMIR Res Protoc 2024;13:e57931
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A typical regimen includes estrogen to provide feminizing effects in conjunction with therapy to block testosterone (antiandrogens or gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs) [14]. The currently preferred estrogen formulation that can be provided in tablets, patches, and injections is 17-β estradiol, and spironolactone is the most prescribed antiandrogen in the United States.
JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e53092
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It has been suggested that low estrogen level has serious implications such as cardiovascular responsiveness, insulin resistance, and obesity [61].
In males, LH binds to receptors on Leydig cells and stimulates them to produce testosterone. In contrast, FSH acts on Sertoli cells to help promote spermatogenesis. Testosterone can be further converted into two forms: estradiol or 5α-dihydrotestosterone.
JMIR Res Protoc 2021;10(10):e29199
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