Reliable Quantification of the Potential for Equations Based on Spot Urine Samples to Estimate Population Salt Intake: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Liping Huang   ¹ , MPH ;   Michelle Crino   ² , MPH ;   Jason HY Wu   ² , PhD ;   Mark Woodward   ^{2, 3, 4} , PhD ;   Mary-Anne Land   ² , PhD ;   Rachael McLean   ⁵ , PhD ;   Jacqui Webster   ² , PhD ;   Batsaikhan Enkhtungalag   ⁶ , MMSc ;   Caryl A Nowson   ⁷ , PhD ;   Paul Elliott   ⁸ , PhD ;   Mary Cogswell   ⁹ , DrPH ;   Ulla Toft   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Jose G Mill   ¹¹ , PhD ;   Tania W Furlanetto   ¹² , MD, PhD ;   Jasminka Z Ilich   ¹³ , PhD ;   Yet Hoi Hong   ¹⁴ , PhD ;   Damian Cohall   ¹⁵ , PhD ;   Leonella Luzardo   ¹⁶ , MD, MSc ;   Oscar Noboa   ¹⁷ , PhD ;   Ellen Holm   ¹⁸ , MD ;   Alexander L Gerbes   ¹⁹ , MD ;   Bahaa Senousy   ²⁰ , MBBCh ;   Sonat Pinar Kara   ²¹ , PhD ;   Lizzy M Brewster   ²² , PhD ;   Hirotsugu Ueshima   ²³ , MD ;   Srinivas Subramanian   ²⁴ , MD ;   Boon Wee Teo   ²⁴ , MD ;   Norrina Allen   ²⁵ , PhD ;   Sohel Reza Choudhury   ²⁶ , PhD ;   Jorge Polonia   ²⁷ , PhD ;   Yoshinari Yasuda   ²⁸ , PhD ;   Norm RC Campbell   ²⁹ , PhD ;   Bruce Neal   ^{2, 8, 30} , PhD ;   Kristina S Petersen   ² , PhD

¹ The George Institute for Global Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China

² The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

³ The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States

⁵ Departments of Preventive and Social Medicine/Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

⁶ Nutrition Research Center, Public Health Institute, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

⁷ Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Geelong, Australia

⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

⁹ Division of Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States

¹⁰ Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark

¹¹ Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil

¹² Postgraduation Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

¹³ Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States

¹⁴ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

¹⁵ Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados

¹⁶ Centro de Nefrología, Departamento de Fisiopatología Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

¹⁷ Centro de Nefrología Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay

¹⁸ Medical Department, Nykøbing Falster Hospital, Nykøbing Falster, Denmark

¹⁹ Liver Centre Munich, Department of Medicine II, Hospital of the University of Munich, KUM, Munich, Germany

²⁰ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ain Shams University School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt

²¹ Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bingol, Turkey

²² Departments of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands

²³ Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan

²⁴ Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

²⁵ Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States

²⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh

²⁷ Faculdade Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal & Unidade Hipertensão, ULS Matosinhos, Portugal

²⁸ Department of CKD Initiatives/Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan

²⁹ Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology and Community Health Sciences, O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

³⁰ Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia