This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

RCTs - Protocols/Proposals (eHealth) (538) Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine (225) Pregnancy Information, Education and Lifestyle Interventions (300)

Published on in Vol 11, No 10 (2022): October

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/37452, first published .
The Fetal Growth Restriction at Term Managed by Angiogenic Factors Versus Feto-Maternal Doppler (GRAFD) Trial to Avoid Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Protocol for a Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial

The Fetal Growth Restriction at Term Managed by Angiogenic Factors Versus Feto-Maternal Doppler (GRAFD) Trial to Avoid Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Protocol for a Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial

The Fetal Growth Restriction at Term Managed by Angiogenic Factors Versus Feto-Maternal Doppler (GRAFD) Trial to Avoid Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Protocol for a Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial

Authors of this article:

Pablo Garcia-Manau1 Author Orcid Image ;   Manel Mendoza1 Author Orcid Image ;   Erika Bonacina1 Author Orcid Image ;   Raquel Martin-Alonso2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Lourdes Martin4 Author Orcid Image ;   Ana Palacios5, 6 Author Orcid Image ;   Maria Luisa Sanchez7 Author Orcid Image ;   Cristina Lesmes8 Author Orcid Image ;   Ivan Hurtado9 Author Orcid Image ;   Esther Perez10 Author Orcid Image ;   Albert Tubau11 Author Orcid Image ;   Patricia Ibañez12 Author Orcid Image ;   Marina Alcoz13 Author Orcid Image ;   Nuria Valiño14 Author Orcid Image ;   Elena Moreno15 Author Orcid Image ;   Carlota Borrero16 Author Orcid Image ;   Esperanza Garcia17 Author Orcid Image ;   Eva Lopez-Quesada18 Author Orcid Image ;   Sonia Diaz19 Author Orcid Image ;   Jose Roman Broullon20 Author Orcid Image ;   Mireia Teixidor21 Author Orcid Image ;   Carolina Chulilla22 Author Orcid Image ;   Maria M Gil2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Monica Lopez4 Author Orcid Image ;   Amparo Candela-Hidalgo5, 6 Author Orcid Image ;   Andrea Salinas-Amoros7 Author Orcid Image ;   Anna Moreno8 Author Orcid Image ;   Francesca Morra9 Author Orcid Image ;   Oscar Vaquerizo10 Author Orcid Image ;   Beatriz Soriano11 Author Orcid Image ;   Marta Fabre12 Author Orcid Image ;   Elena Gomez-Valencia13 Author Orcid Image ;   Ana Cuiña14 Author Orcid Image ;   Nicolas Alayon15 Author Orcid Image ;   Jose Antonio Sainz16 Author Orcid Image ;   Angels Vives17 Author Orcid Image ;   Esther Esteve18 Author Orcid Image ;   Vanesa Ocaña19 Author Orcid Image ;   Miguel Ángel López20 Author Orcid Image ;   Anna Maroto21 Author Orcid Image ;   Elena Carreras1 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (3) Tweetations (8) Metrics

    Protocol

    1Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    2Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario de Torrejón, Madrid, Spain

    3School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain

    4Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

    5Department of Obstetrics, Alicante University General Hospital, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain

    6Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research, Alicante, Spain

    7Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    8Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain

    9Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain

    10Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Universidad de Oviedo, Gijón, Spain

    11Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari Son Llàtzer, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    12Aragon Institute for Health Research, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain

    13Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Fundació Althaia, Universitat de Vic, Manresa, Spain

    14Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario de A Coruña, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain

    15Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain

    16Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

    17Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain

    18Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa, Spain

    19Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Getafe, Spain

    20Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain

    21Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain

    22Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

    *these authors contributed equally

    Corresponding Author:

    Manel Mendoza, MD, PhD

    Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics

    Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

    Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 119-129

    Barcelona, 08035

    Spain

    Phone: 34 934893085

    Email: manel.mendoza@vallhebron.cat


    Background: Fetal smallness affects 10% of pregnancies. Small fetuses are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes. Their management using estimated fetal weight and feto-maternal Doppler has a high sensitivity for adverse outcomes; however, more than 60% of fetuses are electively delivered at 37 to 38 weeks. On the other hand, classification using angiogenic factors seems to have a lower false-positive rate. Here, we present a protocol for the Fetal Growth Restriction at Term Managed by Angiogenic Factors Versus Feto-Maternal Doppler (GRAFD) trial, which compares the use of angiogenic factors and Doppler to manage small fetuses at term.

    Objective: The primary objective is to demonstrate that classification based on angiogenic factors is not inferior to estimated fetal weight and Doppler at detecting fetuses at risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.

    Methods: This is a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial conducted in 20 hospitals across Spain. A total of 1030 singleton pregnancies with an estimated fetal weight ≤10th percentile at 36+0 to 37+6 weeks+days will be recruited and randomly allocated to either the control or the intervention group. In the control group, standard Doppler-based management will be used. In the intervention group, cases with a soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase to placental growth factor ratio ≥38 will be classified as having fetal growth restriction; otherwise, they will be classified as being small for gestational age. In both arms, the fetal growth restriction group will be delivered at ≥37 weeks and the small for gestational age group at ≥40 weeks. We will assess differences between the groups by calculating the relative risk, the absolute difference between incidences, and their 95% CIs.

    Results: Recruitment for this study started on September 28, 2020. The study results are expected to be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at international conferences in early 2023.

    Conclusions: The angiogenic factor–based protocol may reduce the number of pregnancies classified as having fetal growth restriction without worsening perinatal outcomes. Moreover, reducing the number of unnecessary labor inductions would reduce costs and the risks derived from possible iatrogenic complications. Additionally, fewer inductions would lower the rate of early-term neonates, thus improving neonatal outcomes and potentially reducing long-term infant morbidities.

    Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04502823; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04502823

    International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/37452

    JMIR Res Protoc 2022;11(10):e37452

    doi:10.2196/37452

    Keywords

    fetal growth restriction; small for gestational age; PlGF; sFlt-1; Doppler; angiogenic factors 


    Background

    Fetal smallness affects around 10% of pregnancies [1]. Small fetuses are at a higher risk of intrauterine death and adverse perinatal outcomes [2]. In order to prevent these adverse outcomes, identification and appropriate management of small fetuses are crucial [3,4]. Based on gestational age (<32 weeks of gestation versus ≥32 weeks of gestation) at the time of disease onset, 2 distinct patterns of severity are observed in small fetuses, with the more severe cases being those with onset early in pregnancy (<32 weeks of gestation) [5]. In these cases, management is mainly based on fetal Doppler and indications for delivery are quite consistent [2], generally resulting in preterm neonates. However, most cases are diagnosed at a later gestational age (≥32 weeks) and, in this particular context, there is no clear consensus on the appropriate interventions to prevent adverse perinatal outcomes [6-8].

    Moreover, the severity of fetal smallness is usually classified into 2 categories: fetal growth restriction (FGR), which is defined as a fetus failing to reach its genetically predetermined growth potential, and small for gestational age (SGA), which is defined as a fetus being small but without an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. SGA fetuses are commonly referred to as constitutionally small fetuses [1,8]. Several criteria based on Doppler studies, growth velocity, and biometric percentiles are available to discriminate between SGA and FGR fetuses [2,8,9]. One of the most widely used classifications, as well as the one used in most maternity wards in Spain, is the one proposed by Figueras and Gratacós [8]. This classification, based on estimated fetal weight (EFW) and feto-maternal Doppler, allows the identification of the subset of small fetuses at a greater risk of perinatal complications (ie, true FGR fetuses) and the subset of small fetuses with a risk of perinatal complications similar to that of a normally growing fetus (ie, constitutionally small or SGA fetuses). According to several guidelines, FGR fetuses may benefit from early-term elective delivery (at 37-38 weeks), while SGA fetuses require closer monitoring, but not elective delivery until full term (39-40 weeks). FGR/SGA classification based on Doppler and EFW percentiles has a high sensitivity for adverse perinatal outcomes; nevertheless, more than 60% of fetuses with an EFW below the 10th percentile are classified as FGR and, therefore, will be delivered at 37 to 38 weeks [8]. Neonates delivered at 37+0 to 38+6 weeks+days of gestation are considered early-term and have poorer neonatal outcomes than full-term neonates (≥39 weeks of gestation) [10-12]. For this reason, early-term elective delivery should be restricted to FGR fetuses at an actual risk for adverse outcomes.

    Placental Insufficiency and SGA/FGR

    The precise pathophysiology of SGA/FGR is unknown, but placental insufficiency is a common finding [13,14]. Several studies have reported histopathological findings related to placental malperfusion in SGA and FGR pregnancies [15,16]. The severity of the underlying placental insufficiency can be assessed by Doppler of the feto-maternal circulation [15,17]. Some studies have also shown an association between placental findings consistent with maternal vascular malperfusion and angiogenic imbalance involving a decrease of placental growth factor (PlGF), a proangiogenic factor, and an increase in soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), an antiangiogenic factor, resulting in an increased sFlt-1/PlGF ratio [18-20].

    Management of SGA/FGR Pregnancies: EFW

    As is widely known, there is an inversely proportional relationship between EFW and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes [21-23]. For this reason, in DIGITAT (Disproportionate Intrauterine Growth Intervention Trial At Term), the only clinical trial ever conducted to evaluate the role of early-term elective delivery in improving perinatal outcomes of small fetuses, the only inclusion criterion was an EFW below the 10th percentile [24]. In that study, fetuses with an EFW below the 10th percentile were randomized into two groups: (1) early-term induction of labor and (2) expectant management until the onset of spontaneous labor. Perinatal outcomes were compared between the groups, showing that systematic early-term labor induction in pregnancies with small fetuses did not improve perinatal outcomes. By contrast, there was a significant increase in the number of admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and intermediate care unit for early-term neonates (51.1%) as compared to full-term neonates (39.8%). Since no differences were found in the baseline characteristics of the groups at enrollment, it is fair to assume that this 11.3% difference in neonatal admissions was mainly due to differences in gestational age at delivery between the groups. For this reason, a Cochrane review in 2015 [7] concluded that there is no evidence suggesting that early-term elective delivery of small fetuses (based only on EFW) should be recommended to avoid adverse perinatal outcomes. It must be noted that in DIGITAT, other factors predictive of poor prognosis in small fetuses, such as the amount of amniotic fluid, feto-maternal Doppler, or biophysical profile score, were not taken into account. Therefore, it might be possible that with more accurate identification of small fetuses who are actually at a higher risk of perinatal complications (ie, those with FGR), early-term elective delivery would have been found to improve perinatal outcomes as compared to the expectant management group.

    Management of SGA: Feto-Maternal Doppler

    In recent years, and after the publication of DIGITAT, several studies have evaluated the role of feto-maternal circulation assessment by Doppler ultrasound in small fetuses [25-28]. These studies have shown that Doppler assessment allows identifying the subset of small fetuses at a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (ie, those with FGR). Historically, umbilical artery (UA) pulsatility index (PI) assessed with Doppler has been considered the standard parameter to identify FGR. However, a large proportion of small fetuses with normal UA PI (ie, <95th percentile) have poorer perinatal outcomes than normally growing fetuses [21,29,30]. Thus, UA PI alone cannot be used to discriminate SGA from FGR fetuses [1,29]. Further studies showed that other Doppler parameters might have a greater predictive ability for adverse outcomes in late-onset SGA and FGR: cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI, and uterine artery (UtA) PI [1,26,31,32]. According to these studies, abnormal CPR (ie, <5th percentile), MCA PI (ie, <5th percentile), or UtA PI (ie, >95th percentile) may be able to identify small fetuses at a higher risk of adverse outcomes (ie, FGR). A study including these criteria showed that small fetuses with abnormal Doppler parameters accounted for 60% of all small fetuses, indicating that more than half of fetuses with an EFW below the 10th percentile would be classified as FGR and that according to our current protocol, early-term induction of labor would therefore be recommended [25]. In the earlier study, induction of labor was recommended at 37 weeks of gestation in FGR fetuses (small fetuses with an EFW below the 3rd percentile or with an EFW below the 10th percentile accompanied by the presence of any abnormal Doppler parameter), while for other pregnancies with an EFW below the 10th percentile (ie, SGA fetuses) induction of labor was recommended at 40 weeks. Following that protocol, 134 cases (26.3%) had an adverse outcome, including, nonexclusively, 46 cases of neonatal acidosis and 106 cases of emergency cesarean delivery due to nonreassuring cardiotocography (CTG). Neonatal acidosis in that study was defined as a UA pH below 7.15 and a base excess greater than –12 mEq/L.

    Management of SGA: Angiogenic Factors

    To date, few studies have evaluated the usefulness of angiogenic factors (AFs) in the management of late-onset or term SGA/FGR pregnancies. These studies show that the higher the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, the worse the prognosis for small fetuses and the greater the risk of developing preeclampsia (PE), which in turn worsens maternal prognosis [19,33-35]. Recently, a large observational study compared the identification of term (36+0 to 37+6 weeks+days) small fetuses (EFW below the 10th percentile) at a higher risk of adverse outcomes using the standard Doppler assessment versus a new approach based on AFs [36]. In that study, 521 fetuses were identified as small, of which 102 had abnormal AF values (sFlt-1/PlGF ratio ≥38), whereas 412 had abnormal Doppler parameters. Therefore, according to the Doppler-based protocol, 79.1% (412/521) of small fetuses would have been classified as FGR, whereas according to the new AF-based approach, only 19.6% (102/521) of small fetuses would have been classified as FGR. By contrast, both approaches had a similar negative predictive value for adverse perinatal outcomes (99.3% and 99%, respectively), indicating a good, similar prognosis for those pregnancies not classified as FGR regardless of the classification used. Therefore, classification based on AFs seems more accurate and may have a lower rate of false positives than the Doppler-based protocol for the identification of small fetuses at a higher risk of adverse outcomes.

    Early-term Delivery: Short-term and Long-term Consequences

    It might seem that whether a delivery is early term (<39 weeks) or full term (≥39 weeks) is not very relevant in terms of postnatal prognosis. However, several studies have found increased immediate postnatal morbidity (such as admission to the NICU due to a need for respiratory support) [10] and poorer long-term outcomes, such as the development of diabetes, obesity, and respiratory morbidity, in infants born early term as compared to full term [11,12]. Thus, a reduction in the number of elective early-term deliveries due to FGR overdiagnosis would certainly lead to improved short-term and long-term postnatal outcomes, ultimately resulting in healthier infants and adults.

    Rationale for the Study

    The most common protocols used worldwide for the management of late-onset SGA/FGR are based on Doppler assessment, which recommends elective delivery at 37 weeks (or even earlier) in FGR pregnancies [25,37,38]. According to a classification based on Doppler parameters and EFW percentiles, up to 79.1% of small fetuses would be classified as FGR. By contrast, when using the AF-based approach (sFlt-1/PlGF ≥38), only 19.6% of small fetuses would be classified as FGR [36]. Additionally, both approaches seem to have a similar ability to identify small fetuses at risk (ie, those with FGR), which may benefit from an earlier elective delivery. Therefore, the AF-based protocol may potentially reduce by up to 75.2% (from 79.1% to 19.6%) the number of pregnancies classified as FGR (in which labor would be induced at 37 weeks) without worsening perinatal outcomes. Moreover, reducing the number of unnecessary labor inductions would not only improve patients’ perception of medical attention, but also would reduce the costs and risks derived from possible iatrogenic complications, which in turn would reduce the rate of cesarean deliveries. Additionally, fewer inductions would lower the rate of early-term neonates, thus improving neonatal outcomes and potentially reducing long-term infant metabolic, endocrine, and respiratory morbidities.

    The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio has been shown to accurately predict PE and associated complications several weeks before onset [39-42]. Therefore, a management protocol based on AFs may potentially reduce the rate of PE and other maternal complications associated with PE, such as placental abruption or eclampsia.

    Objectives

    Primary Objective

    To determine whether the classification of small fetuses as FGR or SGA based on AFs is not inferior to the standard clinical approach (based on EFW and Doppler percentiles) for the identification of fetuses at a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (neonatal acidosis and cesarean section due to nonreassuring CTG).

    Secondary Objectives

    To determine whether (1) the lower false-positive rate using AFs instead of Doppler to identify small fetuses as FGR results in a reduced number of elective deliveries before 38, 39, and 40 weeks, (2) a lower rate of early-term elective deliveries results in a reduced number of deliveries (elective and spontaneous) before 38, 39, and 40 weeks, (3) a lower rate of early-term elective deliveries results in a reduced number of cesarean deliveries, (4) a lower rate of early-term elective deliveries results in a reduced number of neonatal admissions to the NICU and a lower rate of adverse perinatal outcomes, (5) the AF-based approach reduces PE incidence in pregnancies with small fetuses, and (6) the AF-based classification reduces the incidence of placental-related complications.


    Study Setting

    The study will be conducted in 20 hospitals across Spain with experience in managing term SGA/FGR pregnancies: Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (Barcelona), Hospital Universitario de Torrejón (Torrejón de Ardoz), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (Tarragona), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante (Alicante), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (Murcia), Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari (Sabadell), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (Badalona), Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes (Gijón), Hospital Universitari Son Llàtzer (Palma de Mallorca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa (Zaragoza), Fundació Althaia (Manresa), Hospital Universitario de A Coruña (A Coruña), Hospital General Universitario de Elche (Elche), Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme (Sevilla), Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (Terrassa), Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa (Terrassa), Hospital Universitario de Getafe (Getafe), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar (Cádiz), Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta (Girona), and Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria (Santa Cruz de Tenerife).

    Trial Design

    This is a multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial. The study design adheres to the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) quality standard criteria for randomized trials [43]. A pragmatic approach will be adopted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in real-life, routine practice conditions. Therefore, each participating site will use the fetal growth charts, Doppler reference values, and methods for cervical ripening and labor induction usually applied in their clinical practice.

    The clinical trial was entered in the ClinicalTrials.org registry on August 6, 2020 (NCT04502823).

    Inclusion Criteria

    Inclusion criteria at the time of enrollment are as follows: (1) age at least 16 years, (2) singleton pregnancy, (3) ultrasonographic EFW ≤10th percentile between 36+0 and 37+6 weeks+days of gestation, (4) sFlt-1/PlGF ratio measured between 36+0 and 37+6 weeks+days of gestation, (5) randomization between 36+0 and 37+6 weeks+days of gestation, and (6) gestational age confirmed by fetal crown-rump length measurement during the first trimester scan (from 11+0 to 13+6 weeks+days of gestation) or by in vitro fertilization dates.

    Exclusion Criteria

    Exclusion criteria at the time of enrollment are as follows: (1) major fetal malformations or genetic disorders, (2) fetal death, (3) absent or reversed end-diastolic flow in UA Doppler, (4) nonreassuring CTG, (5) preeclampsia, (6) diminished fetal movements, (7) biophysical profile score ≤6, (8) oligohydramnios, and (9) refusal to give informed consent.

    Intervention

    First, gestational age (by fetal crown-rump length measurement at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks+days) [44] and EFW ≤10th percentile will be confirmed [45-49]. After giving their written informed consent, trial participants will be randomized into 2 groups: intervention and control.

    In the intervention group, the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio will be revealed to investigators so they can act according to the results. When the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio is ≥38, the fetus will be classified as FGR. The remaining cases will be classified as SGA. In the intervention group, the UA PI, MCA PI, CPR, and UtA PI percentiles will be concealed to obstetricians in order to avoid any influence that this information might have on their interpretation of fetal movements or CTG.

    In the control group, the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio will be concealed to investigators and the standard Doppler-based approach will be used for fetal monitoring [1]. Thus, fetuses with an EFW <3rd percentile or ≤10th percentile accompanied by an abnormal feto-maternal Doppler (UA PI >95th percentile, MCA PI <5th percentile, CPR <5th percentile, UtA PI >95th percentile, or a combination of these markers) [50-53] will be classified as FGR. The remaining cases will be classified as SGA.

    In both groups, when a fetus is classified as FGR, immediate (within 24 hours) elective delivery at ≥37 weeks of gestation will be recommended; when a fetus is classified as SGA, elective delivery will be delayed until 40 weeks of gestation. From randomization to delivery, all SGA pregnancies in both groups will receive weekly follow-ups consisting of fetal ultrasound (including fetal growth, amniotic fluid deepest vertical pocket, fetal movements, and feto-maternal Doppler), conventional CTG, and measurement of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio (which will be concealed or revealed depending on the allocated group).

    In both groups, if at any time after enrollment any of the following is present, immediate (within 24 hours) delivery will be recommended: UA with absent or reversed end-diastolic flow, nonreassuring CTG, PE, diminished fetal movements, biophysical profile score ≤6, or oligohydramnios (largest vertical pocket <2 cm). The flow chart in Figure 1 illustrates the management of participants from consent through follow-up.

    ‎
    Figure 1. Flow chart of study intervention and management. AEDF: absent end-diastolic flow; CPR: cerebroplacental ratio; CTG: cardiotocography; EFW: estimated fetal weight; MCA: middle cerebral artery; PI: pulsatility index; PlGF: placental growth factor; REDF: reversed end-diastolic flow; sFlt-1: soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; UA: umbilical artery.
    View this figure

    According to recommendations of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) [54], labor will be induced in pregnancies with a Bishop score [55] ≤6 by promoting cervical ripening with vaginal administration of dinoprostone or misoprostol or with a cervical balloon, as per each site’s usual protocols (Table 1).

    In pregnancies with a Bishop score >6, labor will be induced by amniotomy, intravenous oxytocin infusion, or both in all participating sites. Indications for elective cesarean delivery will be as follows: at least 2 previous cesarean deliveries, UA with absent or reversed end-diastolic flow, nonreassuring CTG, abnormal fetal presentation (breech or transverse lie position), placental abruption, PE with severe features requiring immediate delivery (pulmonary edema, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL, oliguria [≤500 ml in 24 h or <20 ml/h], persistent hypertension despite appropriate antihypertensive therapy, persistent cerebral or visual disturbances, or eclampsia), and participants refusing induction of labor. Other less frequent indications may occur and will be classified as “other.” Indications for intrapartum cesarean delivery will be as follows: prolonged labor, failed induction of labor, nonreassuring CTG, placental abruption, and PE with severe features requiring immediate delivery. Other less frequent indications may occur and will be classified as “other.”

    Prolonged labor will be defined according to the NICE guidelines for intrapartum care of healthy women and babies [56]. According to these guidelines, a delay in the first stage of labor is suspected if cervical dilatation is <2 cm after 4 hours. After 2 hours, delay will be confirmed if progress is <1 cm, and oxytocin will be offered. Prolonged labor will be confirmed if dilatation has increased <2 cm after 4 hours of oxytocin infusion. The maximum duration of cervical ripening treatment will vary depending on the method, with 12 hours for the cervical balloon, 16 hours for misoprostol, and 24 hours for dinoprostone. Failed induction of labor will be defined as not entering the active phase of labor after cervical ripening along with 6 to 8 hours of oxytocin infusion.

    Table 1. Cervical ripening mechanisms used at each participating site. For labor induction, classification of fetuses as being small for gestational age or having fetal growth restriction will be based on the Doppler criteria, as in the control group [1]. Dinoprostone (Propess; Ferring Pharmaceuticals Ltd) was administered at a 10-mg dose with a vaginal delivery system. Misoprostol (Misofar; Exeltis Healthcare SL) was administered at a 25-µg dose with a vaginal tablet. Cervical balloons used a double-balloon catheter plus stylet (Cook Medical).
    HospitalFetal growth restrictionSmall for gestational age
    Vall d’HebronDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    TorrejónCervical balloonDinoprostone
    Joan XXIIIMisoprostolMisoprostol
    AlicanteDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    ArrixacaDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    Parc TaulíDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    CabueñesDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    Germans TriasDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    Son LlàtzerDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    Lozano BlesaCervical balloonDinoprostone
    AlthaiaDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    A CoruñaDinoprostoneDinoprostone
    ElcheCervical balloonDinoprostone
    ValmeCervical balloonCervical balloon
    Hospital TerrassaDinoprostoneMisoprostol
    Mutua TerrassaDinoprostoneMisoprostol
    GetafeCervical balloonCervical balloon
    Puerta del MarCervical balloonMisoprostol
    Josep TruetaMisoprostolMisoprostol
    CandelariaDinoprostoneDinoprostone

    Predictive Variables

    Predictive variables include maternal sFlt1 and PlGF plasma levels (pg/ml), fetal EFW, results of a Doppler assessment (UA PI, MCA PI, CPR, and UtA PI percentiles), amniotic fluid vertical pocket, fetal movement and biophysical profile score, and conventional CTG interpretation. PlGF and sFlt-1 levels will be measured using the automated Elecsys electrochemiluminescence immunoassay platform (Cobas Analyzers; Roche Diagnostics).

    Nonreassuring CTG before and during labor will be defined as sinusoidal fetal heart rate tracing or absent fetal heart rate variability accompanied by recurrent late decelerations, recurrent variable decelerations, or bradycardia [57].

    In all settings, EFW will be calculated using the Hadlock formula [49]. EFW percentiles will be calculated using the reference charts of each site’s protocol. Fetuses with an EFW ≤10th percentile will be classified as small [45-48]. Doppler assessments will be performed following the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice Guidelines [58]. All participating sites will use the same reference values for calculating UtA PI percentiles [51]. Doppler percentiles for UA PI, MCA PI, and CPR will be calculated according to gestational age using the charts of each site’s protocol (Table 2). Gestational age will be determined by fetal crown-rump length measurement at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks+days of gestation [44] or in vitro fertilization date.

    Table 2. Reference charts at each participating site.
    HospitalEstimated fetal weight percentileUmbilical artery pulsatility index percentileMiddle cerebral artery pulsatility index percentileCerebroplacental ratio percentile
    Vall d’HebronMikolajczyk RT et al [47]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]
    TorrejónMarsál K et al [48]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    Joan XXIIIHadlock FP et al [49]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    AlicanteMikolajczyk et al [47]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]
    ArrixacaFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    Parc TaulíHadlock FP et al [49]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    CabueñesHadlock FP et al [49]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    Germans TriasHadlock FP et al [49]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    Son LlàtzerFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    Lozano BlesaFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    AlthaiaFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    A CoruñaFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    ElchePapageorghiou AT et al [46]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]
    ValmeFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    Hospital TerrassaFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    Mutua TerrassaHadlock FP et al [49]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    GetafeFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]
    Puerta del MarMikolajczyk et al [47]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]
    Josep TruetaMikolajczyk et al [47]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]Ciobanu A et al [50]
    CandelariaFigueras F et al [45]Arduini D and Rizzo G [52]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]Baschat AA and Gembruch U [53]

    Amniotic fluid volume will be determined measuring the deepest vertical pocket and oligohydramnios will be considered when depth is <2 cm [59]. Depending on each site’s protocol, fetal movement will be assessed subjectively or based on biophysical profile score, as described by Manning [60]. PE will be defined as new-onset high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg), worsening of previous high blood pressure in addition to new-onset proteinuria (≥300 mg protein in a 24-hour urine collection, protein/creatinine ≥0.3, or a dipstick reading of 1+), worsening of previous proteinuria, or according to at least one of the following signs and symptoms: cerebral or visual symptoms, raised liver enzymes, low platelet count, renal insufficiency, and pulmonary edema. PE with severe features will be defined as either systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥110 mm Hg, or PE with any of the following signs and symptoms: cerebral or visual symptoms, raised liver enzymes, low platelet count, renal insufficiency, and pulmonary edema [61].

    Outcomes

    Primary Outcome

    The primary outcome is the prevalence of cesarean delivery due to nonreassuring fetal status or the prevalence of neonatal acidosis. Neonatal acidosis will be defined as a UA pH <7.15 and a base excess greater than –12 mEq/L.

    Secondary Outcomes

    Composite adverse perinatal outcome will be defined as the presence of at least one of the following: fetal death, Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes, UA pH <7.05, admission to the NICU or a transitional care unit within 48 hours, birthweight <2000 grams, maternal admission to the obstetric intensive care unit within 48 hours (before or after delivery), and PE.

    Composite adverse neonatal outcomes will be defined as the presence of at least one of the following: respiratory distress syndrome (respiratory rate >60 or <30 breaths/min, grunting on expiration, chest indrawing, central cyanosis, apnea, or the need for surfactant therapy in the neonatal period) [62], transient tachypnea, required ventilatory support, grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal sepsis, hypoglycemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal jaundice (treated with phototherapy), neonatal seizures, pneumonia, meningitis, and neonatal death.

    Other secondary outcomes will include the following: rates of elective delivery before 38, 39, and 40 weeks of gestation; rates of deliveries (elective and spontaneous) before 38, 39, and 40 weeks of gestation; rate of birthweight <2500 grams; rate of UA pH <7.10; rate of elective cesarean delivery; rate of cesarean delivery due to failed labor induction; rate of emergency operative vaginal delivery; and rate of placental-related complications, such as placental abruption, pregnancy hypertension, severe PE, eclampsia, stroke, maternal death, and postpartum hemorrhage.

    Statistical Analysis

    Statistical analysis will be performed based on the intention-to-treat approach, considering all randomized women. A sensitivity analysis will be carried out to take into account the effect of withdrawal of consent and loss to follow-up. Outcomes and covariates will be imputed by multiple imputation chain equations. Patients deemed ineligible after randomization (eg, due to identification of congenital defects or EFW >10th percentile) will be excluded in the per-protocol analysis.

    Univariate descriptive analysis will be used for the study variables. We will assess differences between the groups for the primary and secondary outcomes, calculating differences in the incidence and relative risks with their respective 95% CIs. Type I errors will be set at P<.05. The statistical software packages R and R Studio (R Foundation) will be used for statistical analyses. An interim analysis will be performed by an independent statistician once 50% of the sample size has been recruited. This analysis will ascertain the safety of the new approach with the O’Brien-Fleming boundary [63]. As FGR pregnancies have a higher risk of stillbirth and other adverse outcomes compared to SGA pregnancies, women with SGA fetuses will probably be more willing to participate. Enrollment of a greater proportion of SGA pregnancies might hinder identification of differences between groups. For this reason, a subgroup analysis will be performed for FGR and SGA pregnancies according to the Doppler classification at enrollment. Categorical variables will be reported as frequencies, normally distributed continuous variables will be reported as means and standard deviations, and continuous variables that do not follow a normal distribution will be reported as medians and interquartile ranges. The Fisher exact test or chi-square test, as appropriate, will be used to assess differences in categorical variables between groups. The Student t test (2-tailed) or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate, will be used for continuous variables.

    During the design stage of the trial, no financial support was available. Nevertheless, if this trial receives a specific grant from a funding agency, monitoring by the Academic Research Organization of the Vall d’Hebron Research Institute will be contracted.

    Sample Size

    A management protocol based on EFW and Doppler assessment has shown a prevalence of adverse perinatal outcomes of 26%, meaning that there is a prevalence of 74% of pregnancies with no complications [25]. The estimated rate of pregnancies with no complications in the intervention group has been set at 74%, with a lower limit of 65.5% (a maximum achievable difference of 8.5%). Based on these considerations and an estimated dropout rate of 3%, the sample size needed for a noninferiority design with a power of 80% and a significance level of 5% is 1030 participants, that is, 515 in each group. Noninferiority will be demonstrated if the lower limit of the 95% CI of the difference between incidences of pregnancies without neonatal acidosis is less than –8.5%. If the dropout rate is greater than 3%, the number of participants will be increased so as to achieve 1000 participants with complete data for the primary outcome.

    Randomization, Masking, and Data Collection

    Participants will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group in a 1:1 ratio using variable-size block randomization. The randomization sequence will be centralized and generated by the web-based system Sealed Envelope (Sealed Envelope Ltd) and will be concealed to investigators. Owing to the nature of the intervention, it will not be possible to conceal the study group to the participants, investigators, or outcome assessors.

    A RedCap (Research Electronic Data Capture; Vanderbilt University) electronic database has been specifically designed for this study [64]. The electronic database has a randomization module that will allow allocation of participants to the study groups. Data will be entered prospectively during the study. Access to this database will be restricted to the investigators involved in each participating site.

    Ethics Approval

    The current version (version 3.0) of the study protocol was approved by the Vall d’Hebron Ethics Committee (PR[AMI]527/2019) on February 18, 2020. Subsequent approval by individual ethical committees has been granted. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants before randomization.


    The first patient was recruited on September 28, 2020, and at the time of submitting this manuscript, the study was in the recruitment and data collection phase. The study results are expected to be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at international conferences in early 2023. No funding has been obtained for this trial.


    Newborns under 39 weeks have poorer perinatal outcomes than full-term newborns [10]. After classification with EFW and Doppler, more than 60% of small fetuses are delivered at 37 to 38 weeks of gestation [8]. However, classification with AF seems to have a lower false-positive rate [36]. In this trial, we aim to assess whether the classification of small fetuses as FGR or SGA based on AF is not inferior to the standard clinical approach (EFW and Doppler percentiles) for the identification of fetuses at a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (neonatal acidosis and cesarean section due to nonreassuring CTG). This is the first trial that includes term pregnancies with an EFW below the 10th percentile and is designed to compare perinatal outcomes with a management protocol based on the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio and the standard management protocol, based on feto-maternal Doppler assessment. The main strength of this study is the comparison of 2 randomized groups and the large size of the study population. A pragmatic and multicenter design will evaluate the effectiveness of both interventions in the conditions of real-life routine practice, which will allow extrapolating the results to other settings. On the other hand, the sample size will not allow assessment of the effect of the management protocol on the incidence of rare adverse outcomes, such as stillbirth, placental abruption, or eclampsia. All pregnant women with fetuses having an EFW ≤10th percentile at 36+0 to 37+6 weeks+days of gestation will be invited to participate; however, since FGR pregnancies are at a higher risk of stillbirth and other adverse outcomes, women with FGR pregnancies might be more reluctant to participate than women with SGA, which could introduce a selection bias.

    The AF-based protocol may reduce the number of pregnancies classified as FGR without worsening perinatal outcomes, improve patients’ medical attention perception, reduce the rate of cesarean deliveries, and reduce the rate of placental complications, such as PE, placental abruption, or eclampsia. Moreover, the rate of early-term neonates may be reduced, improving neonatal outcomes and long-term morbidity.

    Acknowledgments

    Roche Diagnostics provided the reagents used for the placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 measurements. Roche Diagnostics had no influence on the study design, data collection, or analysis or interpretation of the results.

    Data Availability

    The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, MM, upon reasonable request.

    Authors' Contributions

    MM and EC were involved in the conception and design of the study. PGM and MM drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and given approval of the final manuscript.

    Conflicts of Interest

    MM, LM, and AP received lecture fees from Roche Diagnostics. MMG has received reagents in kind contribution from Roche. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

    1. Figueras F, Gratacós E. Update on the diagnosis and classification of fetal growth restriction and proposal of a stage-based management protocol. Fetal Diagn Ther 2014;36(2):86-98 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. McCowan LM, Figueras F, Anderson NH. Evidence-based national guidelines for the management of suspected fetal growth restriction: comparison, consensus, and controversy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018 Feb;218(2S):S855-S868. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Lees CC, Marlow N, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis A, Arabin B, Bilardo CM, Brezinka C, TRUFFLE study group. 2 year neurodevelopmental and intermediate perinatal outcomes in infants with very preterm fetal growth restriction (TRUFFLE): a randomised trial. Lancet 2015 May 30;385(9983):2162-2172. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Meler E, Mazarico E, Eixarch E, Gonzalez A, Peguero A, Martinez J, et al. Ten-year experience of protocol-based management of small-for-gestational-age fetuses: perinatal outcome in late-pregnancy cases diagnosed after 32 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021 Jan;57(1):62-69 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Savchev S, Figueras F, Sanz-Cortes M, Cruz-Lemini M, Triunfo S, Botet F, et al. Evaluation of an optimal gestational age cut-off for the definition of early- and late-onset fetal growth restriction. Fetal Diagn Ther 2014;36(2):99-105. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    6. Baschat AA. Planning management and delivery of the growth-restricted fetus. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018 May;49:53-65. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Bond DM, Gordon A, Hyett J, de Vries B, Carberry AE, Morris J. Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Nov 24(11):CD009433 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    8. Figueras F, Gratacós E. An integrated approach to fetal growth restriction. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017 Jan;38:48-58. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. Gordijn SJ, Beune IM, Thilaganathan B, Papageorghiou A, Baschat AA, Baker PN, et al. Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Sep;48(3):333-339 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Sengupta S, Carrion V, Shelton J, Wynn RJ, Ryan RM, Singhal K, et al. Adverse neonatal outcomes associated with early-term birth. JAMA Pediatr 2013 Nov;167(11):1053-1059. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Paz Levy D, Sheiner E, Wainstock T, Sergienko R, Landau D, Walfisch A. Evidence that children born at early term (37-38 6/7 weeks) are at increased risk for diabetes and obesity-related disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017 Nov;217(5):588.e1-588.e11. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Walfisch A, Beharier O, Wainstock T, Sergienko R, Landau D, Sheiner E. Early-term deliveries as an independent risk factor for long-term respiratory morbidity of the offspring. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017 Feb;52(2):198-204. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    13. Altshuler G, Russell P, Ermocilla R. The placental pathology of small-for-gestational age infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975 Feb 01;121(3):351-359. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Zur RL, Kingdom JC, Parks WT, Hobson SR. The placental basis of fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2020 Mar;47(1):81-98. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. Paules C, Youssef L, Rovira C, Crovetto F, Nadal A, Peguero A, et al. Distinctive patterns of placental lesions in pre-eclampsia vs small-for-gestational age and their association with fetoplacental Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019 Nov 14;54(5):609-616 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    16. Roberts DJ, Post MD. The placenta in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. J Clin Pathol 2008 Dec;61(12):1254-1260. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Ganer Herman H, Barber E, Gasnier R, Gindes L, Bar J, Schreiber L, et al. Placental pathology and neonatal outcome in small for gestational age pregnancies with and without abnormal umbilical artery Doppler flow. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018 Mar;222:52-56. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    18. Shinar S, Tigert M, Agrawal S, Parks WA, Kingdom JC. Placental growth factor as a diagnostic tool for placental mediated fetal growth restriction. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021 Aug;25:123-128. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Triunfo S, Lobmaier S, Parra-Saavedra M, Crovetto F, Peguero A, Nadal A, et al. Angiogenic factors at diagnosis of late-onset small-for-gestational age and histological placental underperfusion. Placenta 2014 Jun;35(6):398-403. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    20. Garcia-Manau P, Mendoza M, Bonacina E, Garrido-Gimenez C, Fernandez-Oliva A, Zanini J, et al. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase to placental growth factor ratio in different stages of early-onset fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021 Jan;100(1):119-128 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    21. Savchev S, Figueras F, Cruz-Martinez R, Illa M, Botet F, Gratacos E. Estimated weight centile as a predictor of perinatal outcome in small-for-gestational-age pregnancies with normal fetal and maternal Doppler indices. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012 Mar;39(3):299-303 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    22. NIETO A. Neonatal morbidity associated with disproportionate intrauterine growth retardation at term. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2009 Jul 02;18(6):540-543. [CrossRef]
    23. Pilliod RA, Cheng YW, Snowden JM, Doss AE, Caughey AB. The risk of intrauterine fetal death in the small-for-gestational-age fetus. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012 Oct;207(4):318.e1-318.e6. [CrossRef]
    24. Boers KE, Vijgen SMC, Bijlenga D, van der Post JAM, Bekedam DJ, Kwee A, et al. Induction versus expectant monitoring for intrauterine growth restriction at term: randomised equivalence trial (DIGITAT). BMJ 2010 Dec 21;341(dec21 1):c7087-c7087. [CrossRef]
    25. Figueras F, Savchev S, Triunfo S, Crovetto F, Gratacos E. An integrated model with classification criteria to predict small-for-gestational-age fetuses at risk of adverse perinatal outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015 Jan 27;45(3):279-285. [CrossRef]
    26. Cruz-Martinez R, Savchev S, Cruz-Lemini M, Mendez A, Gratacos E, Figueras F. Clinical utility of third-trimester uterine artery Doppler in the prediction of brain hemodynamic deterioration and adverse perinatal outcome in small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015 Jan 27;45(3):273-278. [CrossRef]
    27. DeVore GR. The importance of the cerebroplacental ratio in the evaluation of fetal well-being in SGA and AGA fetuses. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015 Jul;213(1):5-15. [CrossRef]
    28. Martinez-Portilla RJ, Caradeux J, Meler E, Lip-Sosa DL, Sotiriadis A, Figueras F. Third-trimester uterine artery Doppler for prediction of adverse outcome in late small-for-gestational-age fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020 May;55(5):575-585 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    29. Mureșan D, Rotar IC, Stamatian F. The usefulness of fetal Doppler evaluation in early versus late onset intrauterine growth restriction. Review of the literature. Med Ultrason 2016 Mar;18(1):103-109 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    30. Doctor BA, O'Riordan MA, Kirchner H, Shah D, Hack M. Perinatal correlates and neonatal outcomes of small for gestational age infants born at term gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001 Sep;185(3):652-659. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    31. Rizzo G, Mappa I, Bitsadze V, Słodki M, Khizroeva J, Makatsariya A, et al. Role of Doppler ultrasound at time of diagnosis of late-onset fetal growth restriction in predicting adverse perinatal outcome: prospective cohort study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020 Jun;55(6):793-798 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    32. Khalil A, Thilaganathan B. Role of uteroplacental and fetal Doppler in identifying fetal growth restriction at term. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017 Jan;38:38-47. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    33. Herraiz I, Simón E, Gómez-Arriaga PI, Quezada MS, García-Burguillo A, López-Jiménez EA, et al. Clinical implementation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio to identify preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: A prospective cohort study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018 Jul;13:279-285. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    34. Herraiz I, Quezada MS, Rodriguez-Calvo J, Gómez-Montes E, Villalaín C, Galindo A. Longitudinal change of sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in singleton pregnancy with early-onset fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018 Nov;52(5):631-638 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    35. Kwiatkowski S, Bednarek-Jędrzejek M, Ksel J, Tousty P, Kwiatkowska E, Cymbaluk A, et al. sFlt-1/PlGF and Doppler ultrasound parameters in SGA pregnancies with confirmed neonatal birth weight below 10th percentile. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018 Oct;14:79-85. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    36. Gaccioli F, Sovio U, Cook E, Hund M, Charnock-Jones D, Smith G. Screening for fetal growth restriction using ultrasound and the sFLT1/PlGF ratio in nulliparous women: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2018 Aug;2(8):569-581 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    37. Lees CC, Stampalija T, Baschat A, da Silva Costa F, Ferrazzi E, Figueras F, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: diagnosis and management of small-for-gestational-age fetus and fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020 Aug;56(2):298-312 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    38. Melamed N, Baschat A, Yinon Y, Athanasiadis A, Mecacci F, Figueras F, et al. FIGO (international Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics) initiative on fetal growth: best practice advice for screening, diagnosis, and management of fetal growth restriction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021 Mar;152 Suppl 1:3-57 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    39. Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, Vatish M, Staff AC, Sennström M, et al. Predictive value of the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2016 Jan 07;374(1):13-22. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    40. Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine FJ, Vatish M, Staff AC, Sennström M, et al. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 to placental growth factor ratio: ruling out pre-eclampsia for up to 4 weeks and value of retesting. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019 Mar;53(3):367-375 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    41. Levine RJ, Maynard SE, Qian C, Lim K, England LJ, Yu KF, et al. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2004 Feb 12;350(7):672-683. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    42. Signore C, Mills JL, Qian C, Yu K, Lam C, Epstein FH, et al. Circulating angiogenic factors and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2006 Aug;108(2):338-344. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    43. Chan A, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, Gøtzsche PC, Krleža-Jerić K, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2013 Feb 05;158(3):200-207 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    44. Robinson HP, Fleming JE. A critical evaluation of sonar "crown-rump length" measurements. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975 Sep;82(9):702-710. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    45. Figueras F, Meler E, Iraola A, Eixarch E, Coll O, Figueras J, et al. Customized birthweight standards for a Spanish population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008 Jan;136(1):20-24. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    46. Papageorghiou AT, Ohuma EO, Altman DG, Todros T, Cheikh Ismail L, Lambert A, International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st). International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. Lancet 2014 Sep 06;384(9946):869-879. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    47. Mikolajczyk RT, Zhang J, Betran AP, Souza JP, Mori R, Gülmezoglu AM, et al. A global reference for fetal-weight and birthweight percentiles. Lancet 2011 May 28;377(9780):1855-1861. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    48. Marsál K, Persson P, Larsen T, Lilja H, Selbing A, Sultan B. Intrauterine growth curves based on ultrasonically estimated foetal weights. Acta Paediatr 1996 Jul;85(7):843-848. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    49. Hadlock FP, Harrist R, Sharman RS, Deter RL, Park SK. Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements--a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985 Feb 01;151(3):333-337. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    50. Ciobanu A, Wright A, Syngelaki A, Wright D, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH. Fetal Medicine Foundation reference ranges for umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and cerebroplacental ratio. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019 Apr 13;53(4):465-472 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    51. Gómez O, Figueras F, Fernández S, Bennasar M, Martínez JM, Puerto B, et al. Reference ranges for uterine artery mean pulsatility index at 11-41 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008 Aug;32(2):128-132 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    52. Arduini D, Rizzo G. Normal values of Pulsatility Index from fetal vessels: a cross-sectional study on 1556 healthy fetuses. J Perinat Med 1990;18(3):165-172. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    53. Baschat AA, Gembruch U. The cerebroplacental Doppler ratio revisited. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003 Feb 13;21(2):124-127 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    54. Overview | Inducing labour | Guidance | NICE. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.   URL: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng207 [accessed 2022-09-30]
    55. Bishop EH. Pelvic scoring for elective induction. Obstet Gynecol 1964 Aug;24:266-268. [Medline]
    56. Overview | Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies | Guidance | NICE. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.   URL: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/ [accessed 2022-09-30]
    57. Macones GA, Hankins GDV, Spong CY, Hauth J, Moore T. The 2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop report on electronic fetal monitoring: update on definitions, interpretation, and research guidelines. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2008;37(5):510-515. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    58. Bhide A, Acharya G, Baschat A, Bilardo CM, Brezinka C, Cafici D, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): use of Doppler velocimetry in obstetrics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021 Aug;58(2):331-339 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    59. Shrem G, Nagawkar SS, Hallak M, Walfisch A. Isolated oligohydramnios at term as an indication for labor induction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fetal Diagn Ther 2016;40(3):161-173 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    60. Manning FA. Fetal biophysical profile. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1999 Dec;26(4):557-77, v. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    61. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013 Nov;122(5):1122-1131. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    62. Sweet LR, Keech C, Klein NP, Marshall HS, Tagbo BN, Quine D, Brighton Collaboration Respiratory Distress in the Neonate Working Group. Vaccine 2017 Dec 04;35(48 Pt A):6506-6517 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    63. Kumar A, Chakraborty B. Interim analysis: A rational approach of decision making in clinical trial. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2016;7(4):118-122 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    64. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Redcap installation. Vanderbilt University.   URL: https://servirredcap.vhir.org/redcap/index.php? [accessed 2022-09-30]

    ‎
    AF: angiogenic factors
    CPR: cerebroplacental ratio
    CTG: cardiotocography
    EFW: estimated fetal weight
    FGR: fetal growth restriction
    MCA: middle cerebral artery
    NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    NICU: neonatal intensive care unit
    PE: preeclampsia
    PI: pulsatility index
    PlGF: placental growth factor
    sFlt-1: soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1
    SGA: small for gestational age
    SPIRIT: Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials
    UA: umbilical artery
    UtA: uterine artery

    Edited by T Leung; submitted 22.02.22; peer-reviewed by S Ouyang; comments to author 01.08.22; revised version received 20.09.22; accepted 20.09.22; published 11.10.22

    Copyright

    ©Pablo Garcia-Manau, Manel Mendoza, Erika Bonacina, Raquel Martin-Alonso, Lourdes Martin, Ana Palacios, Maria Luisa Sanchez, Cristina Lesmes, Ivan Hurtado, Esther Perez, Albert Tubau, Patricia Ibañez, Marina Alcoz, Nuria Valiño, Elena Moreno, Carlota Borrero, Esperanza Garcia, Eva Lopez-Quesada, Sonia Diaz, Jose Roman Broullon, Mireia Teixidor, Carolina Chulilla, Maria M Gil, Monica Lopez, Amparo Candela-Hidalgo, Andrea Salinas-Amoros, Anna Moreno, Francesca Morra, Oscar Vaquerizo, Beatriz Soriano, Marta Fabre, Elena Gomez-Valencia, Ana Cuiña, Nicolas Alayon, Jose Antonio Sainz, Angels Vives, Esther Esteve, Vanesa Ocaña, Miguel Ángel López, Anna Maroto, Elena Carreras. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 11.10.2022.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.