Published on in Vol 11, No 7 (2022): July

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/37929, first published .

Joy Burns   1 * , PhD ;   Patrick Rivers   2 * , MPP ;   Lindsay B LeClair   1 * , MS, MPH ;   Krystal S Jovel   2 * , MA ;   Ramona P Rai   1 * , MPH ;   Ashley A Lowe   2 * , MSPH, PhD ;   Laura J Edwards   1 * , MPH ;   Sana M Khan   2 * , MPH ;   Clare Mathenge   3 * , BS ;   Maria Ferraris   4 * , MEd, MSPM ;   Jennifer L Kuntz   5 * , PhD ;   Julie Mayo Lamberte   6 * , MSPH ;   Kurt T Hegmann   7 * , MD, MPH ;   Marilyn J Odean   8, 9 * , MS ;   Hilary McLeland-Wieser   1 * , MPH ;   Shawn Beitel   2 * , MSc ;   Leah Odame-Bamfo   3 * , MPH ;   Natasha Schaefer Solle   4 * , PhD ;   Josephine Mak   6 * , MPH ;   Andrew L Phillips   7 * , MD, MOH ;   Brian E Sokol   1 * , MSPA ;   James Hollister   2 * , MS ;   Jezahel S Ochoa   4 * ;   Lauren Grant   6 * , MS ;   Matthew S Thiese   7 * , MSPH, PhD ;   Keya B Jacoby   1 * , BA ;   Karen Lutrick   2 * , PhD ;   Felipe A Pubillones   4 * , DO ;   Young M Yoo   6 * , MSPH ;   Danielle Rentz Hunt   1 * , PhD ;   Katherine Ellingson   2 * , PhD ;   Mark C Berry   1 * , MPH, PhD ;   Joe K Gerald   2 * , MD, PhD ;   Joanna Lopez   1 * , MSPH ;   Lynn B Gerald   2 * , MSPH, PhD ;   Meredith G Wesley   1 * , MPH ;   Karl Krupp   2 * , MSc, PhD ;   Meghan K Herring   1 * , MPH ;   Purnima Madhivanan   2 * , MPH, PhD ;   Alberto J Caban-Martinez   4 * , MPH, DO, PhD ;   Harmony L Tyner   8 * , MD, MPH ;   Jennifer K Meece   10 * , PhD ;   Sarang K Yoon   7 * , MOH, DO ;   Ashley L Fowlkes   6 * , SCD ;   Allison L Naleway   5 * , PhD ;   Lisa Gwynn   4 * , MSPH, MBA, DO ;   Jefferey L Burgess   2 * , MD, MPH ;   Mark G Thompson   6 * , PhD ;   Lauren EW Olsho   1 * , PhD ;   Manjusha Gaglani   3, 11 * , MBBS

1 Abt Associates, Atlanta, GA, United States

2 Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States

3 College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, United States

4 Leonard M Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States

5 Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, United States

6 COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States

7 Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, United States

8 St. Luke’s Regional Health Care System, Duluth, MN, United States

9 Whiteside Institute for Clinical Research, St. Luke’s, Duluth, MN, United States

10 Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI, United States

11 Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, United States

*all authors contributed equally

Corresponding Author:

  • Ashley L Fowlkes, SCD
  • COVID-19 Response Team
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • 1600 Clifton Rd NE, H24-7
  • Atlanta, GA, 30333
  • United States
  • Phone: 1 404-822-1999
  • Email: ahl4@cdc.gov