This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

RCTs - Protocols/Proposals (non-eHealth) (311) Cancer Rehabilitation (24)

Published on in Vol 12 (2023)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/43547, first published .
Effects of Semisupervised Exercise Training on Health Outcomes in People With Lung or Head and Neck Cancer: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of Semisupervised Exercise Training on Health Outcomes in People With Lung or Head and Neck Cancer: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Effects of Semisupervised Exercise Training on Health Outcomes in People With Lung or Head and Neck Cancer: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Authors of this article:

Isis Grigoletto1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Vinicius Cavalheri3, 4, 5 Author Orcid Image ;   Luis Alberto Gobbo6 Author Orcid Image ;   Karina Pozo1, 2 Author Orcid Image ;   Enio Rodrigues Maia Filho2 Author Orcid Image ;   Diogo Gonçalves Ribeiro2 Author Orcid Image ;   Nara Ielo2, 7 Author Orcid Image ;   Fabiano Francisco De Lima8 Author Orcid Image ;   Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos1, 2 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (2) Tweetations (3) Metrics

    Protocol

    1Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil

    2Cancer Hospital of Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil

    3Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    4Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    5Allied Health, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

    6Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil

    7São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

    8Department of Physiotherapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Corresponding Author:

    Isis Grigoletto, MSc

    Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Science and Technology

    São Paulo State University

    Roberto Simonsen Street, 305, Centro Educacional

    Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900

    Brazil

    Phone: 55 1832295821

    Email: isis.grigoletto@unesp.br


    Background: Lung or head and neck cancers are known for their high prevalence and mortality rates. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are usually recommended as cancer treatment for these malignancies; however, they can negatively impact both the physical and mental status of patients. Hence, it is reasonable to consider resistance and aerobic exercise training to prevent these negative health outcomes. Further, several factors prevent patients from attending outpatient exercise training programs, and, therefore, a semisupervised home-based exercise training program may be seen as a well-accepted alternative.

    Objective: The aim of this study will be to investigate the effects of a semisupervised home-based exercise training program on physical performance, body composition, and self-reported outcomes; changes in the initial cancer treatment dose prescribed; number of hospitalizations at 3, 6, and 9 months; and 12-month survival in people with primary lung or head and neck cancer.

    Methods: Participants will be randomly allocated to the training group (TG) or control group (CG). The TG will undergo semisupervised home-based resistance and aerobic exercise training throughout their cancer treatment. The resistance training will be performed using elastic bands (TheraBand) twice a week. The aerobic training (ie, brisk walk) will be performed for at least 20 minutes per day outdoors. The equipment and tools used during the training sessions will be provided. This intervention will start the week before treatment commencement, will be performed throughout the duration of the treatment, and will continue for 2 weeks after treatment completion. The CG will undergo usual care (ie, cancer treatment with no formal exercise prescription). Assessments will take place 2 weeks before the beginning of the usual cancer treatment and 2 weeks after treatment completion. The measures of physical function (peripheral muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, and physical activity), body composition, and self-reported outcomes (symptoms of anxiety and depression, health-related quality of life, and symptoms related to the disease and treatment) will be collected. We will report on any change in the initial cancer treatment dose prescribed; number of hospitalizations at 3, 6, and 9 months; and 12-month survival.

    Results: In February 2021, the clinical trial registration was approved. Recruitment and data collection for the trial are ongoing (as of April 2023, 20 participants had already been randomized), and findings of this study are likely to be published late in 2024.

    Conclusions: This exercise training as a complementary treatment for patients with cancer is likely to promote positive effects on the health outcomes assessed, over and above any change in the CG, and prevent the reduction of initial cancer treatment dose prescribed. If these positive effects are shown, they will likely impact long-term outcomes such as hospitalizations and 12-month survival.

    Trial Registration: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC) RBR-5cyvzh9; https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5cyvzh9.

    International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/43547

    JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e43547

    doi:10.2196/43547

    Keywords

    lung neoplasms; head and neck neoplasms; drug therapy; radiotherapy; exercise; muscle strength; lung cancer; neck cancer; head cancer; aerobic exercise; pulmonary; neoplasm; ENDT; ear nose throat; ear, nose, and throat; RCT; oncology; outpatient; cancer treatment; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; ECOG; HRQoL; quality of life; QoL; physical activity 


    Background

    Worldwide, lung or head and neck cancers are the most common cancers and the main causes of death each year [1,2]. Because of the direct effect of these cancers on the respiratory system, management and rehabilitation may be substantially similar [3]. The usual cancer treatment options are surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of these treatments [4]. Although having positive effects, these treatments also have side effects, such as fatigue [5,6] and a decrease in functional exercise capacity [7], muscle mass [8], and muscle strength [8,9], which will ultimately affect physical activity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [10,11]. Therefore, complementary interventions that could minimize these side effects are needed [7].

    Studies have demonstrated that exercise promotes benefits to this population [7]. Improvements have been reported in physical function, body composition, psychosocial function, sleep quality, fatigue, HRQoL [12], and muscle strength [7] after completion of an exercise program. When used as a complementary treatment to usual cancer treatment, exercise has been shown to maximize chemotherapy completion in women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer [13,14].

    Exercise training has been shown to be safe and have positive effects on health outcomes in people with lung or head and neck cancer [15]. Taking into account these positive effects [16,17], as well as the fact that exercise is a low-cost treatment modality that attenuates symptoms related to cancer treatment, it is imperative that exercise training is delivered as a complement or adjunct to medical treatment [15-17].

    Distance- and travel-related costs are factors that influence the patient’s enrollment and attendance to exercise, and home-based exercises seem to be an option that can overcome these barriers. Although being a feasible alternative [18-20], home-based exercises should be semisupervised to ensure safety and adherence, as well as maximize training efficacy. As there is limited data on the effects of a semisupervised home-based exercise program in people with lung or head and neck cancer, this randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the protective effect of semisupervised home-based exercise training on physical function, body composition, and self-reported outcomes in people with primary lung or head and neck cancer. In addition, we will also report on changes in the initial cancer treatment dose prescribed; number of hospitalizations at 3, 6, and 9 months; and 12-month survival.

    Hypotheses

    We hypothesize that the semisupervised home-based exercise training as a complementary treatment will promote positive effects on physical function, body composition, and self-reported outcomes in these patients during the cancer treatment. It is also expected that the initial usual cancer treatment dose prescribed will be maintained because of the benefits of the exercise training, leading to fewer hospitalizations and greater survival in patients who underwent the exercise training program.


    Study Design

    This will be a single-blind (outcome assessor), 2-arm randomized controlled trial. The study will be conducted at a cancer hospital. The study protocol has been developed following the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) 2013 checklist guidelines.

    Ethics Approval

    The trial has received approval from the health research ethics committee of the Regional Cancer Hospital of Presidente Prudente (HRCPP; 26123119.5.0000.8247), which complies with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written, informed consent to participate will be obtained from all participants.

    Data Collection and Management

    The information collected about participants is individually identifiable by members of the research team only. Each participant will be allocated a unique numeric code (ID number) such that all stored electronic data (eg, databases and data files) will not contain identifiable data until the completion of the study. All confidential information is stored in locked filing cabinets, and only deidentified data will be presented or published.

    Study Population

    Participants will be recruited from the outpatient clinic before cancer treatment commencement. The inclusion criteria will be as follows: diagnosis of primary lung or head and neck cancer; older than 18 years; referred for cancer treatment including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or both; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score between 0 and 2; life expectancy (physician-rated) of >6 months; and sufficient functional literacy or having a support person who can help with reading the instructions for the home-based exercise program. The exclusion criteria will be as follows: people referred for cancer surgery or palliative care; symptomatic brain or bone metastasis prohibiting participation in exercise training; and unstable metabolic, musculoskeletal, or cardiovascular disease.

    Experimental Design

    The flow of participants through the study is presented in Figure 1, and the overview of the data collection is given in Table 1. First, people referred to usual lung or head and neck cancer treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) will be assessed on 2 nonconsecutive days. On assessment day 1, participants’ characteristics and past medical history will be collected, and data on physical activity, symptoms of anxiety and depression, HRQoL, and symptoms related to treatment and disease will be assessed via validated questionnaires. Subsequently, peripheral muscle strength will be assessed via digital dynamometry. On assessment day 2, measures of body composition (octapolar Inbody 720; Biospace) and functional exercise capacity will be undertaken, including the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), time up and go test (TUG), and 1-minute sit-to-stand test (1STS). After assessment day 2, participants will be randomly allocated to either the training group (TG) or the control group (CG). A third visit will be scheduled for those allocated to the TG, where the exercise training protocol will be explained and demonstrated, and the participants will be familiarized with the training equipment and tools. Participants in the CG group will undergo usual cancer treatment (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) and will be instructed to keep their routine activities during the study period. They will also receive phone calls every 15 days (throughout the course of their cancer treatment) to discuss any issues related to cancer treatment and their participation in the study.

    ‎
    Figure 1. Experimental design of the study.
    Table 1. Overview of the information collected at baseline, during the intervention, at the end of the study, and at the follow-ups.
    OutcomeAssessmentBaselineDuring interventionFinalFollow-up (3, 6, and 9 months)Follow-up (12 months)
    Characteristics of the participantsBy interview✓
    		✓

    Functional capacity6MWTa✓
    		✓

    Functional capacityTUGb✓
    		✓

    Functional capacity1STSc✓
    		✓

    Physical activityIPAQd✓
    		✓

    Body compositionBioimpedance spectroscopy (octopolar InBody 720; Biospace)✓
    		✓

    Anxiety and depressionHADSe✓
    		✓

    HRQoLfEORTC QLQ-30g/QLQ-LC13✓
    		✓

    Symptoms related to the treatment and diseaseMSAS-BRh




    Cancer treatment dose prescribedVia the participant’s medical records✓



    Cancer treatment dose completedVia the participant’s medical records

    		✓

    Hospitalization rate assessmentVia telephone calls


    		✓
    Survival rate assessmentVia telephone calls



    		✓

    a6MWT: 6-minute walk test.

    bTUG: time up and go test.

    c1STS: 1-minute sit-to-stand test.

    dIPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

    eHADS: Hospital for Anxiety and Depression Scale.

    fHRQoL: health-related quality of life.

    gEORTC QLQ-30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire.

    hMSAS-BR: Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (Portuguese version).

    Two weeks after completion of the cancer treatment, participants will be reassessed (ie, repetition of the 2 days of assessments described above). Data on changes in the initial cancer treatment dose prescribed will be collected during the intervention period. Participants (or their support person) will receive phone calls at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the reassessment date. The number of hospitalizations at 3, 6, and 9 months as well as 12-month survival will also be recorded.

    Randomization, Concealment, and Blinding

    The randomization sequence will be generated on a web-based platform [21] and concealed using opaque envelopes. This process will be conducted by a researcher who is not involved with participant recruitment, assessment, or data management and analysis. The assessor will be blinded to group allocation. Assessments and patient recruitment will be blinded to the therapeutics.

    Procedures (TG and CG Intervention)

    Participants in both groups (TG and CG) will undergo usual cancer treatment that does not include any formal exercise prescription. Those allocated to the TG will perform resistance and aerobic exercises that will be individually prescribed.

    TG Intervention

    The semisupervised home-based exercise training program will start 1 week before commencement of cancer treatment and will finish 2 weeks after completion of the cancer treatment. Semisupervision will include an exercise diary, daily SMS text messaging, and frequent phone calls. A previous study [22] reported that people who underwent semisupervised home-based exercise training did not have any adverse event during the training program. The resistance and aerobic training will be guided by an exercise diary developed by the research team; see Multimedia Appendix 1 for more details. Participants in the TG will be instructed to complete the diary on a daily basis with information on the exercises they performed. They will also be provided with a pulse oximeter (G-Tech Portable Oled) and the modified Borg scale to assess and record their peripheral capillary oxygen saturation and the Borg dyspnea score, respectively, before and after the exercise training session. Participants will be asked to avoid exercise training if resting oxygen saturation is <90%. Resistance training will be performed twice a week and aerobic training will be performed 7 days a week. Participants will also receive a daily SMS text message reminding them to perform the exercises and will be contacted (via a phone call) every 7 to 14 days.

    To ensure participants’ safety during the exercise program, blood tests will be performed every second week to monitor platelet count and hemoglobin levels. Exercise training will be paused when there is fever (>38 °C) [23], infection, hemoglobin level <8 g/dL [24,25], and psychological instability or clinical complications [26].

    Resistance Training

    Participants in the TG will perform semisupervised home-based resistance training using elastic bands (TheraBand, green color, moderate resistance) [26]. Exercises for the following muscle groups will be included: elbow flexors, knee flexors, and knee extensors (2 sets of 10 repetitions with a 1-minute interval) [27]. The exercise intensity will be adjusted using the modified Borg scale (the participant must maintain dyspnea between 4 and 6, ie, moderate intensity) [22]. Regarding progression of the exercise prescription, if the participant is able to perform more than 2 sets of 10 repetitions and report a Borg dyspnea score <4, an increment of 5 repetitions will be prescribed for the following session using the same elastic band resistance [28]. Subsequently, the intensity progression will be to 3 sets of 10 repetitions and then 3 sets of 15 repetitions. Participants will be contacted via a phone call (or in person, if needed) every 7 to 14 days to assess the need for increased training intensity. This protocol was developed based on previous studies of exercise training in people with cancer [22,26-28] as well as of resistance training with elastic bands in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [29,30].

    Aerobic Training

    For the aerobic training, participants will perform a brisk walk outside, starting with 20 minutes daily (equivalent to 1.5 km) [28], and will be asked to maintain a Borg dyspnea score between 4 and 6 (moderate intensity) [31]. Therefore, this training will be equivalent to approximately 3.5 metabolic equivalents [28]. Participants will be provided with a pedometer (Power Walk PW-610; Yamax) as a feedback tool for the aerobic training. Participants will be instructed to try to achieve at least 150 minutes of aerobic training weekly. The modified Borg scale will also be used to titrate the intensity of the aerobic training (if symptoms of dyspnea are <4 on the Borg scale, an extra 5 minutes will be prescribed for the following week). If more than 150 minutes of weekly aerobic training is achieved, the participants will be instructed to increase their walking speed but maintain a Borg dyspnea score between 4 and 6. This protocol has been developed based on previous studies of physical training for people with cancer [26,28].

    CG Intervention

    Participants in the CG will undergo usual cancer treatment with no formal exercise prescription and will be instructed to keep routine activities during the study period. They will also receive phone calls every 15 days to discuss any issues related to cancer treatment and their participation in the study.

    Outcome Measures (Assessments)

    Characteristics of Participants

    Participant characteristics will be collected of age, gender, height, body weight, cancer type and stage, number of cycles per session as well as dose of chemotherapy or radiotherapy prescribed, and self-reported comorbidities.

    Primary Outcome
    Peripheral Muscle Strength

    Peripheral muscle strength will be assessed via the force gauge digital dynamometer (Instrutherm DD-300), and the results will be expressed in newtons. The participants will be instructed to perform elbow flexion (at 180°), knee flexion (at 90°), and extension (at 90°) movements resisted by a steel cable coupled to the dynamometer. The measurement will be repeated 5 times with an interval of 1 minute between attempts, and the highest value among the 3 closest measurements will be recorded [32].

    Secondary Outcomes
    Functional Exercise Capacity

    Functional exercise capacity will be assessed via the 6MWT and the 1STS. The 6MWT will be performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society [33]. Two tests will be performed, with at least 30 minutes of rest between them, and the best performance (ie, 6-minute walk distance) will be reported. The reference values developed for the Brazilian population will be used [34].

    The 1STS test will also be used to evaluate the functional exercise capacity. Two tests will be performed, with 1 minute of rest between them, and best performance (ie, number of sit-to-stand repetitions) will be reported [35].

    Mobility

    Mobility and the capacity to perform routine activities will be assessed by the TUG. The TUG has also been used to assess risk of falls, and the performance in the TUG is determined by the time spent to complete the test [36,37].

    Physical Activity

    The International Physical Activity Questionnaire will be used to assess self-reported physical activity. The variable from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire that will be used is time spent in physical activity [38].

    Body Composition

    Body composition will be assessed via bioimpedance spectroscopy (octopolar InBody 720; Biospace) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Data will be electronically imported to Excel (Microsoft Corp) using the software Lookin’Body (version 3.0; Biospace) [39]. The following variables will be assessed: intracellular water, extracellular water, total body water, basal metabolic rate, protein mass, skeletal muscle mass, bone mineral content, fat mass, and body weight.

    Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression

    Symptoms of anxiety and depression will be assessed via the Hospital for Anxiety and Depression Scale. This scale comprises 14 questions, divided into 2 subscales: anxiety and depression. The final score indicates probably not anxiety or depression, questionable or doubtful anxiety or depression, and probable anxiety or depression [40].

    Health-Related Quality of Life

    HRQoL will be assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-30) [41]. The specific module for lung cancer (QLQ-LC13) [42] will also be used. Higher scores in physical scales and global health scales indicate greater HRQoL, whereas higher scores in symptoms scales indicate worse symptoms and poorer HRQoL [41].

    Symptoms Related to the Treatment and Disease

    The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (Portuguese version) will be used to assess symptoms related to the treatment and disease. This scale comprises items related to psychological and physical symptoms [43].

    Other Measures

    Any change in the initial cancer treatment dose prescribed will be investigated via the participant’s medical records. Participants (or their support person) will receive phone calls at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the reassessment date. The number of hospitalizations at 3, 6, and 9 months as well as 12-month survival will also be recorded. Satisfaction with the semisupervised home-based exercise training program will be assessed using a questionnaire that comprises 2 questions [44]. Participants will rate, on a scale ranging between 0 and 10, their satisfaction with performing the exercise training program and how valuable the exercise training program was for them. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.

    Sample Size Calculation

    The sample size was determined using published data on the effectiveness of exercise training in improving peripheral muscle strength in patients with cancer [45]. Forty participants will be needed to detect a between-group difference of 72 (SD 71) newtons on the specific primary outcome: knee extensors’ muscle strength [46] (power of 80%, adopting an α of 5%). This calculation accounts for 30% loss to follow-up.

    Data Management and Analysis

    The statistical software SPSS (version 23.0; IBM Corp) will be used. The distribution of the data will be assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous data will be expressed as either mean (SD) or median (IQR) according to their distribution. The criteria that define the exclusion of the participant from the final data analysis will be (1) initiation of palliative care or (2) substantial physical impairment due to hospitalization during the intervention period. For data that are normally distributed, both within- and between-group differences will be assessed using the 2-way repeated measures ANOVA. Between-group differences will be reported as the mean difference and 95% CI [47,48]. For data that are not normally distributed, within-group differences will be assessed using the Wilcoxon test, whereas between-group differences will be assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. To evaluate the effect size between groups, the Cohen d test will be used. For all analyses, a P value of <.05 will be considered significant. The within-group change from baseline to postintervention will be assessed via either a 2-tailed paired t test or the Mann-Whitney U test. The chi-square test will be used to analyze hospitalization frequency at 3, 6, and 9 months, and the hazard ratio will be used to report on 12-month survival. Analyses will be undertaken according to the intention-to-treat principle.


    In February 2021, the clinical trial registration was approved. Recruitment and data collection for the trial are ongoing, and the results of this study are likely to be published late in 2024.


    Potential Impact and Significance of the Study

    This study protocol has been developed after a thorough literature search on exercise training for people with cancer, specifically lung or head and neck cancers. The implementation of this novel exercise training protocol, which will be based on a semisupervised home-based program delivered as a complementary treatment in people with lung or head and neck cancer, will investigate whether the program will promote a protective effect on physical function, body composition, and self-reported outcomes. Further, the study will also explore the effects of the program on any change in initial cancer treatment dose prescribed; hospitalizations at 3, 6, and 9 months; and 12-month survival.

    Strengths and Limitations of the Study

    This study will be a single-blinded (outcome assessor) randomized controlled trial in which participants allocated to the TG will undergo an individualized home-based exercise program. The study will be the first to include both people with lung cancer and those with head and neck cancer. In addition to reporting the effectiveness of the proposed intervention on important health outcomes, this novel study will also explore the effects of the proposed intervention on any change in the initial cancer treatment dose prescribed; hospitalizations at 3, 6, and 9 months; and the 12-month survival rate. As in any study in the field of exercise training, blinding of participants and personnel is very challenging, and in this case, it is not possible. The study will only be conducted in a single center, which may limit its external validity. However, the robust reporting of our methods will allow replication in future multicenter studies.

    Contribution and Clinical Applicability

    The proposed complementary semisupervised home-based exercise training program is of low cost. If shown to have a positive impact on the outcomes of interest, the program will likely impact long-term outcomes such as hospitalizations and 12-month survival and is likely to be implemented in routine-practice cancer exercise or pulmonary rehabilitation programs delivered in settings such as outpatient clinics, rehabilitation centers, and community programs.

    Conclusions

    The proposed exercise training program as a complementary treatment for patients with lung or head and neck cancer is likely to promote positive effects on the physical and mental health outcomes assessed, over and above any change in the CG, and prevent the reduction of initial cancer treatment dose prescribed, which will likely impact long-term outcomes such as hospitalizations and 12-month survival. If shown to be effective at improving outcomes, the semisupervised exercise training protocol is likely to be implemented in clinical practice across many cancer and pulmonary rehabilitation programs worldwide.

    Acknowledgments

    This study is supported by the São Paulo State University and Regional Cancer Hospital of Presidente Prudente, which allowed the development of this research and provided structural support. IG is funded by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP; grant 2019/16004-1), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (470742/2014-3), and CAPES (grant 001). EMCR is funded by FAPESP (grant 2021/06065-3). We highlight that this support did not have any influence on this study’s development; also, this study has not undergone peer review by any funding body.

    Data Availability

    Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no data sets were generated or analyzed during this study.

    Authors' Contributions

    IG, VC, FFDL, and EMCR contributed to the development of the exercise protocols presented in this study and to the writing and commented on all versions of this study protocol. IG, EMCR, KP, ERMF, DGR, and NI are involved in recruiting and collecting data. IG, VC, FFDL, KP, and EMCR will conduct the analysis. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

    ‎
    Multimedia Appendix 1

    Exercise diary.

    PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 150 KB
    1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018 Nov;68(6):394-424 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. Chow LQM. Head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 2020 Jan 02;382(1):60-72. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Silverman DA, Lin C, Tamaki A, Puram SV, Carrau RL, Seim NB, et al. Respiratory and pulmonary complications in head and neck cancer patients: Evidence-based review for the COVID-19 era. Head Neck 2020 Jun;42(6):1218-1226 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Duffy MJ, Crown J. A personalized approach to cancer treatment: how biomarkers can help. Clin Chem 2008 Nov;54(11):1770-1779. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Berger AM, Mooney K, Alvarez-Perez A, Breitbart WS, Carpenter KM, Cella D, National comprehensive cancer network. Cancer-Related Fatigue, Version 2.2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2015 Aug;13(8):1012-1039 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    6. Hofman M, Ryan JL, Figueroa-Moseley CD, Jean-Pierre P, Morrow GR. Cancer-related fatigue: the scale of the problem. Oncologist 2007;12 Suppl 1:4-10 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Heywood R, McCarthy AL, Skinner TL. Efficacy of exercise interventions in patients with advanced cancer: A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018 Dec;99(12):2595-2620. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    8. Velthuis MJ, Agasi-Idenburg SC, Aufdemkampe G, Wittink HM. The effect of physical exercise on cancer-related fatigue during cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010 Apr;22(3):208-221. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. Brown JC, Caan BJ, Meyerhardt JA, Weltzien E, Xiao J, Cespedes Feliciano EM, et al. The deterioration of muscle mass and radiodensity is prognostic of poor survival in stage I-III colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort study (C-SCANS). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018 Aug;9(4):664-672 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Squires RW, Shultz AM, Herrmann J. Exercise training and cardiovascular health in cancer patients. Curr Oncol Rep 2018 Mar 10;20(3):27. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Speed-Andrews AE, Courneya KS. Effects of exercise on quality of life and prognosis in cancer survivors. Curr Sports Med Rep 2009;8(4):176-181. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Adamsen L, Stage MS, Laursen J, Rørth M, Quist M. Exercise and relaxation intervention for patients with advanced lung cancer: a qualitative feasibility study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012 Dec;22(6):804-815. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    13. van Waart H, Stuiver MM, van Harten WH, Geleijn E, Kieffer JM, Buffart LM, et al. Effect of low-intensity physical activity and moderate- to high-intensity physical exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy on physical fitness, fatigue, and chemotherapy completion rates: results of the PACES randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 2015 Jun 10;33(17):1918-1927. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Hart NH, Galvão DA, Newton RU. Exercise medicine for advanced prostate cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2017 Sep;11(3):247-257. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. Bade BC, Thomas DD, Scott JB, Silvestri GA. Increasing physical activity and exercise in lung cancer: reviewing safety, benefits, and application. J Thorac Oncol 2015 Jun;10(6):861-871 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    16. Cavalheri V, Jenkins S, Cecins N, Gain K, Phillips MJ, Sanders LH, et al. Exercise training for people following curative intent treatment for non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther 2017;21(1):58-68 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Papadopoulos D, Papadoudis A, Kiagia M, Syrigos K. Nonpharmacologic interventions for improving sleep disturbances in patients with lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2018 May;55(5):1364-1381.e5 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    18. Hardcastle SJ, Maxwell-Smith C, Kamarova S, Lamb S, Millar L, Cohen PA. Factors influencing non-participation in an exercise program and attitudes towards physical activity amongst cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2018 Apr;26(4):1289-1295. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Bélanger LJ, Plotnikoff RC, Clark A, Courneya KS. A survey of physical activity programming and counseling preferences in young-adult cancer survivors. Cancer Nurs 2012;35(1):48-54. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    20. Trinh L, Plotnikoff RC, Rhodes RE, North S, Courneya KS. Physical activity preferences in a population-based sample of kidney cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2012 Aug;20(8):1709-1717. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    21. Randomisation and Code Break. Sealed Envelope.   URL: https://www.sealedenvelope.com/ [accessed 2023-05-07]
    22. Edbrooke L, Aranda S, Granger CL, McDonald CF, Krishnasamy M, Mileshkin L, et al. Multidisciplinary home-based rehabilitation in inoperable lung cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2019 Aug;74(8):787-796. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    23. Granger CL. Physiotherapy management of lung cancer. J Physiother 2016 Apr;62(2):60-67 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    24. ACSM's Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription 9th Ed. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2014(58):328 [FREE Full text]
    25. Andersen AH, Vinther A, Poulsen L, Mellemgaard A. Do patients with lung cancer benefit from physical exercise? Acta Oncol 2011 Feb;50(2):307-313. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    26. Henke CC, Cabri J, Fricke L, Pankow W, Kandilakis G, Feyer PC, et al. Strength and endurance training in the treatment of lung cancer patients in stages IIIA/IIIB/IV. Support Care Cancer 2014 Jan;22(1):95-101. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    27. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007 Aug;39(8):1423-1434. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    28. Cheville AL, Kollasch J, Vandenberg J, Shen T, Grothey A, Gamble G, et al. A home-based exercise program to improve function, fatigue, and sleep quality in patients with Stage IV lung and colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2013 May;45(5):811-821 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    29. Silva IG, Silva BSDA, Freire APCF, Santos APSD, Lima FFD, Ramos D, et al. Functionality of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at 3 months follow-up after elastic resistance training: a randomized clinical trial. Pulmonology 2018;24(6):354-357 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    30. Freire APCF, Marçal Camillo CA, de Alencar Silva BS, Uzeloto JS, Francisco de Lima F, Alberto Gobbo L, et al. Resistance training using different elastic components offers similar gains on muscle strength to weight machine equipment in Individuals with COPD: A randomized controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract 2020 Jan;38(1):14-27. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    31. Wen H, Gao Y, An J, Chen Q, Zheng J. [Evaluation of exercise intensity for pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2007;30(1):27-30. [Medline]
    32. Ramos EMC, de Toledo-Arruda AC, Fosco LC, Bonfim R, Bertolini GN, Guarnier FA, et al. The effects of elastic tubing-based resistance training compared with conventional resistance training in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Rehabil 2014 Nov;28(11):1096-1106. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    33. Holland AE, Spruit MA, Troosters T, Puhan MA, Pepin V, Saey D, et al. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical standard: field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J 2014 Dec;44(6):1428-1446 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    34. Britto RR, Probst VS, de Andrade AFD, Samora GAR, Hernandes NA, Marinho PEM, et al. Reference equations for the six-minute walk distance based on a Brazilian multicenter study. Braz J Phys Ther 2013;17(6):556-563 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    35. Crook S, Büsching G, Schultz K, Lehbert N, Jelusic D, Keusch S, et al. A multicentre validation of the 1-min sit-to-stand test in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2017 Mar;49(3):1601871 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    36. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991 Feb;39(2):142-148. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    37. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Prevention of Falls in Older People. London: Royal College of Nursing; 2004.
    38. Hagströmer M, Oja P, Sjöström M. The international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutr 2006;9(6):755-762. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    39. Nordstrand N, Gjevestad E, Dinh KN, Hofsø D, Røislien J, Saltvedt E, et al. The relationship between various measures of obesity and arterial stiffness in morbidly obese patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2011;11:7 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    40. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67(6):361-370. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    41. Fayers PA, Bjordal K. EORTC QLQ-C30 Scoring Manual. Belgium: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer; 2001:2-9300.
    42. Nicklasson M, Bergman B. Validity, reliability and clinical relevance of EORTC QLQ-C30 and LC13 in patients with chest malignancies in a palliative setting. Qual Life Res 2007;16(6):1019-1028. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    43. Portenoy RK, Thaler HT, Kornblith AB, Lepore JM, Friedlander-Klar H, Kiyasu E, et al. The memorial symptom assessment scale: an instrument for the evaluation of symptom prevalence, characteristics and distress. Eur J Cancer 1994;30A(9):1326-1336. [Medline]
    44. Vanderbyl BL, Mayer MJ, Nash C, Tran AT, Windholz T, Swanson T, et al. A comparison of the effects of medical Qigong and standard exercise therapy on symptoms and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. Support Care Cancer 2017;25(6):1749-1758. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    45. Kuehr L, Wiskemann J, Abel U, Ulrich CM, Hummler S, Thomas M. Exercise in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014;46(4):656-663. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    46. Dhillon HM, van der Ploeg HP, Bell ML, Boyer M, Clarke S, Vardy J. The impact of physical activity on fatigue and quality of life in lung cancer patients: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Cancer 2012;12:572 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    47. Amrhein V, Greenland S, McShane B. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature 2019;567(7748):305-307. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    48. Wasserstein RL, Schirm AL, Lazar NA. Moving to a world beyond “p<0.05”. Am Stat 2019 Mar 20;73(sup1):1-19 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]

    ‎
    1STS: 1-minute sit-to-stand test
    6MWT: 6-minute walk test
    CG: control group
    EORTC QLQ-30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire
    HRCPP: Regional Cancer Hospital of Presidente Prudente
    HRQoL: health-related quality of life
    QLQ-LC13: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire–Lung Cancer 13
    SPIRIT: Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials
    TG: training group
    TUG: time up and go test

    Edited by A Mavragani; submitted 23.12.22; peer-reviewed by S Chaudhry, A AL-Asadi; comments to author 16.03.23; revised version received 21.03.23; accepted 21.03.23; published 24.05.23

    Copyright

    ©Isis Grigoletto, Vinicius Cavalheri, Luis Alberto Gobbo, Karina Pozo, Enio Rodrigues Maia Filho, Diogo Gonçalves Ribeiro, Nara Ielo, Fabiano Francisco De Lima, Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 24.05.2023.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.