Published on in Vol 14 (2025)

1 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
2 School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
3 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
4 Chronic Pain Clinic, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
5 The Ottawa Hospital Pain Clinic, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
6 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
7 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
8 Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St-John's, NL, Canada
9 Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
10 Toronto Academic Pain Medicine Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
*these authors contributed equally
