Pain, Agitation, Delirium, and Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndrome Management in Children Who Are Critically Ill: Protocol for a European Clinical Practice Guideline Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Approach

Ibo MacDonald   ¹ , BSc, RN, MSc, PhD ;   Alexia Cavin-Trombert   ² , BSc, MSc ;   Cécile Jaques   ² , MSc ;   Gwenaëlle De Clifford-Faugère   ¹ , BScN, RN, MSc, PhD ;   Pieter A De Cock   ^{3, 4, 5} , PharmD, PhD ;   Saskia N de Wildt   ^{6, 7} , MD, PhD ;   Dmytro Dmytriiev   ⁸ , MD, PhD ;   Juliane Engel   ⁹ , MD, PhD ;   Paola Claudia Fazio   ¹⁰ , BSc, RN, MSc ;   Sylvia George   ¹¹ , BPharm ;   Isabelle Goyer   ¹² , PharmD ;   Anna Harðardóttir   ¹³ , BSc, RN, MSc ;   Julia Harris   ¹⁴ , BSc, RN, MSc, PhD ;   Klára Horváth   ¹⁵ , BA, MD, DPhil ;   Erwin Ista   ^{7, 16} , RN, PhD ;   Santiago Mencía   ¹⁷ , MD, PhD ;   Tuuli Metsvaht   ^{18, 19} , PhD ;   Maria Cristina Mondardini   ²⁰ , MD ;   Mehdi Oualha   ^{21, 22} , MD, PhD ;   Maria-Helena Perez   ^{23, 24} , MD ;   Krzysztof Pietrzkiewicz   ²⁵ , MD ;   Francesca Sperotto   ^{26, 27} , MD, PhD ;   Benjamin Wyness   ²⁸ , MRPharmS, MSc ;   Nilüfer Yalındağ   ^{29, 30} , MD ;   Angela Amigoni   ^{31 *} , MD ;   Anne-Sylvie Ramelet   ^{1, 23 *} , BSc, RN, ICU Cert, RSCN, PhD

¹ Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

² Medical Library, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

³ Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

⁴ Department of Basic and Applied Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

⁵ Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

⁶ Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

⁷ Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care - Pediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Vinnitsya National Medical University, Vinnitsya, Ukraine

⁹ Intensive Care Medicine and Pulmonology, Department of Cardiology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

¹⁰ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy

¹¹ Paediatric Critical Care Unit & Department of Pharmacy, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom

¹² Department of Pharmacy, Pediatrics, Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France

¹³ Intensive Care Unit, National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland

¹⁴ Division of Children’s Nursing, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom

¹⁵ Pediatric Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

¹⁶ Section Nursing Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

¹⁷ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

¹⁸ Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

¹⁹ Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia

²⁰ Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy

²¹ Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Necker University Hospital, Paris, France

²² Paris City University, Paris, France

²³ Paediatric Intensive and Intermediate Care Units, Service of Pediatrics, Women-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland

²⁴ Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

²⁵ Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

²⁶ Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

²⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

²⁸ Pharmacy Department, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom

²⁹ School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey

³⁰ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

³¹ Pediatric Intensive Care unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

*these authors contributed equally