Published on in Vol 15 (2026)

1 School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
2 Clinical Informatics and Health Outcomes Research Group, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
3 Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
4 Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
5 Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England, United Kingdom
6 UK Health Security Agency, London, England, United Kingdom
7 Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
8 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom
9 National Institute for Health Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
10 NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
11 Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
12 Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
13 See Acknowledgements, United Kingdom
*these authors contributed equally
