Tobacco Smoking or Nicotine Phenotype and Severity of Clinical Presentation at the Emergency Department (SMOPHED): Protocol for a Noninterventional Observational Study

Davide Campagna   ^{1, 2, 3 *} , MD ;   Konstantinos Farsalinos   ^{4 *} , MD ;   Giorgio Costantino   ^{5 *} , MD, PhD ;   Giuseppe Carpinteri   ^{3 *} , MD ;   Pasquale Caponnetto   ^{6 *} , PsyD, PhD ;   Francesca Cucuzza   ^{3 *} , MD ;   Riccardo Polosa   ^{1, 2 *} , MD, PhD ;   SMOPHED Study Group   ^{7 *}

¹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

² Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

³ Emergency Department, Policlinico Teaching Hospital, Catania, Italy

⁴ Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece

⁵ Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unità Operativa Complessa Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

⁶ Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

⁷ See Acknowledgments, Kitchener, ON, Canada

*all authors contributed equally