Published on in Vol 15 (2026)

1 School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
2 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
3 National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
4 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing, China
5 School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
6 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
7 Department of Pulmonary and Crtical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
8 Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
9 Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
10 Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
11 Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xishui County, Zunyi, China
12 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xishui County, Zunyi, China
13 The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
14 Department of Economics and Centre for Modern Indian Studies, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
15 Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
16 Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
17 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
18 Department of Global and Population Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
19 see Acknowledgments
*these authors contributed equally
