The Impact of Nonpharmacological Interventions on Patient Experience, Opioid Use, and Health Care Utilization in Adult Cardiac Surgery Patients: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study

Alexander A Brescia   ^{1, 2 *} , MD, MSc ;   Julie R Piazza   ^{3 *} , MS, CCLS ;   Jessica N Jenkins   ⁴ , BAA, CCLS ;   Lindsay K Heering   ⁴ , MS, CCLS, CTRS ;   Alexander J Ivacko   ¹ , BA ;   James C Piazza   ¹ , MA ;   Molly C Dwyer-White   ³ , MPH ;   Stefanie L Peters   ⁵ , FACHE, MPA, LMSW ;   Jesus Cepero   ⁶ , PhD, RN, NEA-BC ;   Bailey H Brown   ¹ , BS ;   Faraz N Longi   ¹ ;   Katelyn P Monaghan   ¹ ;   Frederick W Bauer   ¹ ;   Varun G Kathawate   ¹ ;   Sara M Jafri   ² , BS ;   Melissa C Webster   ⁷ , LMSW ;   Amanda M Kasperek   ¹ , BSN ;   Nickole L Garvey   ¹ , RN, BSN ;   Claudia Schwenzer   ³ , MSW ;   Xiaoting Wu   ¹ , PhD ;   Kiran H Lagisetty   ⁸ , MD ;   Nicholas H Osborne   ^{2, 8} , MD, MSc ;   Jennifer F Waljee   ^{2, 8} , MD, MPH, MS ;   Michelle Riba   ⁷ , MD, MS ;   Donald S Likosky   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Mary E Byrnes   ^{2, 8} , PhD, MUP ;   G Michael Deeb   ¹ , MD

¹ Department of Cardiac Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

² Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

³ Office of Patient Experience, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁴ Department of Child and Family Life, CS Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁵ Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁶ Children and Women's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁸ Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

*these authors contributed equally